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Tytuł:
Odstraszające oddziaływanie kary na sprawcę przestępstwa w świetle badań empirycznych
Deterrent Effect of Punishment on the Offender (a Review of Empirical Research)
Autorzy:
Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699090.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kara
sprawca przestępstwa
badania empiryczne
punishment
criminal offender
empirical research
Opis:
The number of studies on specific deterrence is not large. Some data on this subject can be found in other studies aimed e.g. at evalution of effectiveness of diffrent penal measures, or analysis of criminal careers. One of the reasons of this lack of interest in specific deterrence is a belief,  rather common today and particularly marked in the 1960s, that punishment not only fails to deter the convicted person from futher offenses but – quite the contrary - increases the probability of his futher criminal carrer.  Another reason is probably the great difficulty in distinguishing for research purposes of the impact of specific deterrence from the other effects of punishment. Unfortunately, a statement made by J. Gibbs over twenty years ago still remains valid: there is no theory of specific deterrence, and the hypotheses concerning specific deterrence are vague and difficult to verify empirically. During the last twenty  years, there was a progress in the methodology of research into specific deterrence. New success criteria were introduced into the assessment of deterrent effect of punishment, and the method of random field experiment was used. Researchers started to compare the effect of punishment with the effects of escaning punishment, instead of limiting themselves to comparisons of relative effectiveness of some penalties as opposed to some other ones. The progress was less marked in the formation of the theory of specific  deterrence. It consists in attempts, on the one hand, at a new conceptualization of the problem of deterrence, and on the other hand, at integrating the deterrence hypothesis with other theoretical approaches. The paper consists of seven parts. The Introduction (I) contains analysis of the notion of specific deterrence, the criteria to distinguish between specific and general deterrence, tvpes of deterrence. Also discussed have the recent attempts at a new conceptualization of tne problem of deterrence through inclusion into that notion of not only the “direct costs of legal sanctions” but also “indirect costs”, or through the use of another criterion to distinguish between specific and general deterrence. Chapter II contains a brief discussion of early studies on specific deterrence; the findings have been discussed and numerous methodological flaws pointed out. The conclusion from those studies (that severe penalties involve a higher recidivism rate than lenient penalties) was generally seen as a prove that punishment has no specific deterrent effect on the futher behaviour of convicted persons. This conclusion was unjustified, though. And that for several reasons. The discussed studies often failed to distinguish between the mechanism of deterrence and the other effects of punishment. They also failed to solve the problem of selection bias in sentencing where specific types of penalties are imposed on specific categories of offenders; the difference between such groups of convicted persons is that even before the imposition of penalty, the probability of their relapse into crime was different. The studies examined but a marginal effectiveness of some  penalties as compared to some other ones. What they overlooked, instead, was that the growth in recidivism rate cannot be estimated which would have taken place were no criminal penalties at all imposed on offenders. Chapter III discusses the findings of studies which tested two opposing hypotheses; i.e. that punishment either deters offenders (deterrence hypothesis) or amplifies offendling (amplification hypothesis). Both the conception of deterrence and that of labeling involve too one-sided and simplified an approach to the impact of punishment on the further conduct of offenders as they ignore the possibility of effects  other than the anticipated ones. This was reflected in these studies in which the researches posed instead of posing questions in the categories of “whether” (does punishment deter? does pinishment amplify affending?), instead of trying to define the conditions of emergence of each of those two effects. Analyzed in few studies only were mediating psycho-social processes between punisment and the punished pefsons’ further conduct. The findings of different studies are often inconsistent. Some seem to confirm the amplification hypothesis although researchers sometimes stress that this effect is not stable Other findings point  to the effect of deterrence. Still other studies showed that: punishment seems do not influence a pefson’s further criminal career. Finally, some of the latest findings also indicate the possibility of amplifijing offending under some conditions and of deterring effect on offending - under some other circumstances. Chapter IV discusses the implications of the criminal careers approach for methodology of studies on specific deterrence. What is particularly worthy of attention here is: 1) departure from the use of a sole success criterion in the evaluation of deterrent effect of punishment, and an attempt at grasping the impact of punishment on different dimensions of criminality such as the length of criminal career or fraquency of offenses; 2) investigation of the impact of punishment at different stages of a person’s criminal career. The success criterion  where success means a person’s abstention from further offenses is replaced with the before and after comparison criterion where the intensity of a person’s criminal career before and after punishment is compared; this replacement is of a great importance in studies of effectiveness of penal  measures imposed on chronic offnders. As suggested by the findings, certain penalties may in cessation of delinquency at the initial stage of the criminal career (on the occasion of the first and possibly also the second contact with the police). At further stages of that career, a decrease in the intensity of delinquency of the persons convicted is possible. Chapter V discusses attempts at including the hypothesis of  specific deterrence into the economic model of delinquent behawior, and studies carried out by economists. According to some economists, specific deterrence can be included into the theory of rational choice provided it is treated as a special case of general deterrence. In tlis approach, the experience of a sanction becomes a factor influencing the anticipated sanctions. Chapter VI is devoted to discussion of the results of a series of rondom field experiments conducted in selected cities of the United States. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of arrest as compared to other reactions to violence against a spouse (nearly all victims in the study were women). The obtained results were not uniform: in some experiments, deterrent effect of arrest was found out, while the rest showed an amplifying effect of arrest on the arrested person’s  further violence against his spouse. The authors explain this divergence of results with a different impact of arrest on different types of persons. Thus the results suggest that arrest has  a deterrent effect on permanently employed suspects; instead, suspects without a regular job tended to use violence more often after the  arrest incident. The last Chapter (VII) recapitulates the findings. They show that it was a premature decision to reject the hyphothesis of specific deterrence. Punishment has a different impact on different persons: in some situations it results in amplication of offending; in some other ones, it deters a person from further offenses; and  in still other situations it seems not to have any effect at all on furter offending. The findings point to a great importance in this respect of the first contacts with the law enforcement agencies. Moreover, the differentiated effect of punishment seems to depend on the offender’s age, sex, and attitude towards risk, and also on his permanent employment. It should be stressed that many studies use a broader definition of punishment, not limited to the penalties  imposed by court. Some researchers treat even a person’s contact with the police as punishment; others believe that this function is performed by arrest. These different working definitions of punishment make it difficult to interpret the findings that relate to absolute deterrence, that is assessment of the effects of imposing punishment as compared to those of escaping punishment. Nearly all studies dealt with recidivism and, first and foremost, the effectiveness of punishment in reducing a person’s further delinquency. To a slight extent only did they try to define the meaning of punishment for those punished, their subjective estimations of probability and severity of punishment. For this reason, interpretation of the findings in the categories of stating whether punishment has a deterrent effect is not always justified.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1995, XXI; 7-39
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sprawca przestępstwa (zarys problematyki)
The Offender: An Outline of the Problems
Autorzy:
Ostrihanska, Zofia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698498.pdf
Data publikacji:
1991
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
sprawca przestępstwa
przestępstwo
badania kryminologiczne
psychologia
offender
offense
criminological research
psychology
Opis:
The paper shows various approaches to the perpetrator of crime, and practical consequences of the specific point of view adopted. The object is not to point to ready solutions or to declare for or against the discussed views, but to give an outline of the variety of problems that concern the person of offender, and to mention the related questions and issues. Discussed have been the general theoretical problems related to the person of offender; psychological problems; those arising from the fact that the offender has been made subject of criminological research; and the problems of the image of offender functioning in public opinion. Whether we formulate criminological theories or adopt definite practical solutions, questions cannot be avoided about the offender as a human being, about his rights, the extent of his freedom and responsibility, his relationship with society, and the limits of a just and permissible intervention in those rights and liberties. The problems mentioned in this relation point to the need for the problems of offender to be considered in a broad philosophical perspective based on a moral reflection. The discussion of psychological problems is focused on two issues. The first of them are the psychological conceptions of man which provide explanations of the offender’s criminal behaviour and lead to conclusions as to the treatment of offenders. Those problems have been exemplified by behaviourist and psychoanalytical  ideas and the conception of  humanistic psychology. Another important psychological problem is whether the offender’s behaviour that violates the legal norms results from his personality traits or has been conditioned by the situation in which he found himself. Studies point to complexity of this problem and  to the fact that both personality and situation influence criminal behaviour. At the same time, some individuals are particularly resistant and others particularly susceptible to situations conducive to that behaviour. There are also situations in which an offence is particularly easily committed. Among them, there are the rapid changes found during great historic events and social transformations, as well as the situations, most and sotimes even extremely difficult, created by socio-political systems. In some offences, situation is a most important factor; in others the offender’s personality plays a greater part. This complexity of the problem should be taken into account when deciding about a given offender in the practical operation of criminal justice. The image of offender obtained in criminological studies of convicted persons is connected with a variety of problems. Some of tchem arise from the very definition of offender. It is a most general notion, related to the legislation in  force in a given country at a given moment, and designating perpetrators of a great variety of acts which may result from different situations and psychological mechanisms. A question arises whether a single act, possibly jus an episode, may really constitute a good criterion to distinguish a given individual from others who have not committed such an act: whether that act is an isolated event only or results from the given person’s way of living. What also matters for the picture of a convicted offender obtained in studies is the process of selection to which he had been subjected before the offence was revealed, criminal proceedings instituted, and the offender convicted. A factor essential for that selection, for decisions concerning the offender, and for his readaptation to life in society after release is the stereotype of offender which functions in public opinion. As shown by studies, that stereotype is shaped by fear and the thirst for revenge on a person who is perceived as a threat but at the same time treated as a distant stranger. A condemnation of certain acts makes the Public realize the noxiousness of those acts and shapes moral attitudes. But the condemnation of acts does not have to lead to a similar disapproval of their perpetrators. It is most necessary to conduct criminological research and to provide society with straightforward information about the findings.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1991, XVII; 41-74
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wnioski wynikające z badań
Autorzy:
Batawia, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699226.pdf
Data publikacji:
1974
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
sprawca przestępstwa
sprawca wykroczenia
nadużycie alkoholu
perpetrator of an offence
malfeasant
abuse of alcohol
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1974, VI; 108-127
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sprawcy przestępstw i wykroczeń systematycznie nadużywający alkoholu
Excessive Drinkers and Alkoholics Convicted of Offences and Contraventions
Autorzy:
Szelhaus, Stanisław
Łojko, Elżbieta
Batawia, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/962245.pdf
Data publikacji:
1974
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
sprawca przestępstwa
sprawca wykroczenia
nadużycie alkoholu
perpetrator of an offence
malfeasant
abuse of alcohol
Opis:
The printed elaborations, in this part of the Archives, contain the re sults of research conducted by the Department of Criminology, Institute of Legal Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences  anfddeal with three categories of people: ‒ 564 offenders were qualified as having committed acts of hooliganism in Warsaw, in 1964, in an inebriate state, acts combined with physical aggression on people unknown to the offender; further delinquency of these offenders is checked during the course of eight years; ‒ approximately 900 who were in 1967 charged with “disturbance of  public peace or indecent behaviour in a public place,, (Art. 27, decree on fighting alcoholism); out of a random sample of 300 delinquents charged with these offences, information was obtained regarding their further appearances in court  (Penal Administrative Commission) for the period of five years (till the end of  1972), arrests by the police while intoxicated and court convictions; ‒ 500 men and 250 women, listed in detoxication centres at least three times (women twice), during the period of over 5 and a half years till the second half of 1970, about whom information was gathered, regarding also other arrests by the police while intoxicated, ending up in the detoxication centre, as well as information about their court convictions; with part of  the cases information was obtained about the follow-up period of the investigated during the years 1971-1973. The above-mentioned three categories were taken into account, because research was to embrace only those offenders who while committing the offence were intoxicated. These examinations were to reveal the dimensions of heavy drinking and of their delinquency. Research conducted by the Department of Criminology so far which took into account alcoholism, dealt with people, mainly from among young adult and adult recidivists marked by serious social degradation. Efforts were made to find out whether and since when they were drinking alcohol to excess and to what extent they were alcoholics. Taken into account was the category of recidivists, revealing symptoms of alcoholism. This research concentrated on various individuals where one actually could expect the possibilities of frequent or systematic heavy drinking, but in regard to whom no information was available regarding the frequency of deviations in the behaviour of the investigated under the influence of alcohol, as well as data about their delinquency, neither its intensification nor the type of offences committed. Despite the fact that it was impossible in the studies presented here to conduct individual psychological and medical examinations, or environmental research, nevertheless the collected large amounts of material seem to enable us to get an idea about the phenomenon of a large scope and social significance. Together with the increase in excessive drinking of alcohol in many countries there also emerges the category of people having conflicts with the penal code while intoxicated and of people charged with disturbance of public peace. There are relatively few studies of this large population, committing as a rule minor offences. Initiating such research the Department of Criminology, Institute of Legal Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences intended above all to find out how often various categories of persons, committing typical offences connected with drunkenness, are “problem drinkers” with intensified symptoms of deviations in behaviour and how many of them have already to be considered alcoholics. Such findings can be most significant when planning campaigns, aimed at revealing at an early stage cases requiring the interference of institutions set up to fight alcoholism, in order to prevent in such a way the spreading of certain offences and crimes.
Publikacja posiada następującą strukturę: Wstęp I. Stanisław Szelhaus: Sprawcy przestępstw o charakterze chuligańskim II. Elżbieta Łojko: Sprawcy wykroczeń o zakłocenie spokoju publicznego w stanie nietrzeźwym III. Stanisław Batawia: Osoby niejednokrotnie przebywające w izbie wytrzeźwień IV. Stanisław Batawia: Wnioski wynikające z badań
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1974, VI; 15-123
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sprawca przestępstwa oszustwa asekuracyjnego – spojrzenie kryminologiczne
Insurance Fraud: A Criminological Approach
Autorzy:
Buczkowski, Konrad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698882.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
przestępstwo
oszustwo asekuracyjne
sprawca przestępstwa
przestępstwo gospodarcze
przestępstwo ubezpieczeniowe
insurance fraud
delinquency
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 81-92
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wybrane doświadczenia Wyższej Szkoły Policji w Szczytnie w szkoleniu służb zajmujących się zwalczaniem i zapobieganiem przestępstwa handlu ludźmi
Autorzy:
Malinowska, Irena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1933991.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-21
Wydawca:
Akademia Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
zmuszanie do pracy niewolniczej
przestępstwo
przestępczość zorganizowana
pokrzywdzony
sprawca przestępstwa
Opis:
Przestępczość zorganizowana, w tym handel ludźmi, to jedno z najgroźniejszych przestępstw skierowanych przeciwko osobie i prawom człowieka. Handel ludźmi jest procederem złożonym, w większości przypadków to działanie zorganizowanych grup przestępczych o składzie międzynarodowym. Tematyka handlu ludźmi łączy aspekty życia ludzkiego w sensie wolności postępowania z nim. Intencją niniejszej publikacji jest unormowanie występujących teorii i definicji oraz zebranie i usystematyzowanie wiedzy na temat wybranych doświadczeń Wyższej Szkoły Policji w Szczytnie w szkoleniu służb zajmujących się zwalczaniem i zapobieganiem przestępstwa handlu ludźmi. Artykuł przedstawia działania podejmowane od 2006 r. do chwili obecnej przez uczelnię mającą na celu edukację służb odpowiedzialnych za zwalczanie przestępczości zorganizowanej o charakterze transgranicznym, kryminalnym oraz związanym z zapobieganiem i zwalczaniem procederu handlu ludźmi.
Źródło:
Przegląd Policyjny; 2021, 2(SPECJALNY); 85-98
0867-5708
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Policyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Psycholingwistyczny portret sprawcy przestępstw. Wstęp do dyskusji
Psychological and Linguistic Portrait of Criminals. Introduction to Discussion
Autorzy:
Stawnicka, Jadwiga
Klonowska, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1371481.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-01-29
Wydawca:
Fundacja Pedagogium
Tematy:
psychologia
lingwistyka kryminalistyczna
sprawca przestępstwa
idiolekt
emocje
psychology
forensic linguistics
criminal
idiolect
emotions
Opis:
Artykuł dotyczy jednego z aspektów lingwistyki kryminalistycznej, tj. ustalania autorstwa kwestionowanych wypowiedzi. Odbywa się to przy współpracy lingwisty – tworzącego profil lingwistyczny autora tekstów – i psychologa – który tworzy profil psychologiczny. Współpraca specjalistów może być wykorzystana na płaszczyźnie opiniowania wykorzystywanego dla celów śledczych oraz sądowych. Ekspertyzy z zakresu lingwistyki kryminalistycznej (forensic linguistics, niem. forensische Linguistik) obejmują: ustalanie autorstwa/wykonawstwa wypowiedzi na podstawie treści mówionej lub pisanej (np. listów pożegnalnych, listów z pogróżkami, żądań okupu), możliwość ustalania autorstwa anonimowych tekstów w Internecie, ustalenie cech językowych stalkerów i cyberstalkerów, które mogą zidentyfikować nadawcę komunikatu ze względu na kraj pochodzenia, konstruowanie profilu językowego autora anonimów, profilu lingwistycznego autora znanego tekstu. Dodać należy, iż analiza zawartości treściowo-językowej dokumentów zawiera składnik emocjonalny, co wiąże się z posiadaną wiedzą na temat językowych uwarunkowań wyrażania emocji, zarówno negatywnych, jak i pozytywnych. Istotnym elementem tekstu jest kwestia portretu psychologicznego nadawcy (autora i/lub wykonawcy) tekstu na podstawie zidentyfikowanych cech językowych.
The article concerns one aspect of forensic linguistics, which concerns determination by the challenged statements. This is done in collaboration with linguist – creating a profile linguistic songwriter – and a psychologist – that creates a psychological profile. The cooperation of specialists can be used at the level of assessment, which is used for the purposes of investigation and legal proceedings. Expertise in the field of forensic linguistics (forensic linguistics, German. Forensische Linguistik) include setting by/performance of speech based on the content of spoken or written (eg. The farewell letters, threatening letters, ransom demands); the possibility of setting texts by anonymous on the Internet, to determine the characteristics of linguistic stalkers and cyberstalkerów that can identify the sender of the message sender identification of the origin country, constructing linguistic profile anonymous author, the linguistic profile of the author of the well-known text. It should be added that the analysis of the content in content-language document contains emotional component, which is related to our knowledge about the determinants of language to express emotions, both negative and positive. An important element of the text is a matter of psychological portrait of the sender (author and / or performer) of the text based on the identified linguistic features.
Źródło:
Resocjalizacja Polska; 2016, 12; 27-40
2081-3767
2392-2656
Pojawia się w:
Resocjalizacja Polska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Instytucja mediacji w polskim prawie karnym
The institution of mediation in Polish criminal law
Autorzy:
Silecka-Marek, Ewelina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1369754.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-11-01
Wydawca:
Fundacja Pedagogium
Tematy:
sprawiedliwość naprawcza
mediacja
postępowanie karne
ofiara
sprawca przestępstwa
restorative justice
mediation
criminal proceedings
victim offender
Opis:
Artykuł porusza problematykę mediacji w sprawach karnych w odniesieniu do idei sprawiedliwości naprawczej. Wskazano zalety i zagrożenia dla osoby pokrzywdzonej i sprawcyprzestępstwa wynikające z zastosowania tej alternatywnej metody rozwiązywania konfliktów. Przedstawiona została procedura postępowania mediacyjnego, aktualny stan prawny orazperspektywy upowszechnienia mediacji na różnych etapach postępowania karnego.
The article deals with the issue of mediation in criminal matters in relation to the idea of restorative justice. Advantages and threats for the victim and offender resulting from the use of this alternative method of conflict resolution are indicated. It presents the procedure of mediation proceedings, the current legal status and the prospects of popularization of mediation at different stages of criminal proceedings.
Źródło:
Resocjalizacja Polska; 2020, 19; 127-144
2081-3767
2392-2656
Pojawia się w:
Resocjalizacja Polska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cudzoziemcy – sprawcy przestępstwa przekupstwa na terenie Polski
Foreign Nationals as Perpetrators of Bribery Offences in Poland. Foreign Nationals Convicted of Bribery – Penalties and Punitive Measure
Autorzy:
Rzeplińska, Irena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698642.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
cudzoziemcy
przestępstwo przekupstwa
sprawca przestępstwa
kryminologia
foreign nationals
bribery offences
bribery
Polska
punishment
punitive measures
Opis:
By the end of 2013, some 60,0000 citizens of EU Member States, and 121,000 third- -country nationals, holders of Polish residence permits, were registered in Poland. The aggregate number of foreign nationals who currently reside in Poland amounts to 0.5% of the country’s own population. Among the EU citizens, the most numerous are German, Italian, French, British, Bulgarian, and Spanish nationals. Among the non-EU nationals, the largest proportion of residents comes from Ukraine, Vietnam, Russian Federation, Belarus, China, Armenia, Turkey, India, USA, and South Korea; the Ukrainians making up by far the most populous group among them (i.e. 31% of all third-country nationals residing in Poland). Crime rate among foreign residents in Poland as gleaned from the police statistics on foreign offenders spanning 2004–2012 makes it clear that foreign suspects constitute ca. 1% to 0.43% in 2012 of the total number of suspects investigated. In the course of nine years, these crime dynamics (i.e. officially disclosed crime rate among foreign nationals in Poland) appeared to decline. In total, foreign nationals suspected of committing crimes in Poland come from of 61 countries, with EU citizens accounting for 1/3 of them, the remaining 2/3 originating from the third countries. The overall picture of offences perpetrated by foreign nationals in Poland in the period spanning 2004–2012 reveals some telltale characteristics of their prevalent structure. Firstly, a negligible proportion of human crime offences, secondly, a high proportion of specific crimes, e.g. driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, whereupon, in the absence of a human victim, the only ‘aggravated’ party is the public order, and thirdly, a growing rate of foreigners suspected of having committed an offence against the credibility of documents. In the police statistics, foreign nationals suspected of committing offences under Articles 228, 229 and 230 of the Polish Penal Code make up 3.4% of all foreign suspects. Foreign nationals suspected of committing the offence of bribery under Article 229 of the Polish Penal Code, the actual subject matter of the study addressed in the paper, are foreign nationals convicted by Polish courts of law. Ninety-six criminal cases of bribery, originating in 2008–2013, which ended in convictions for foreign perpetrators, were randomly selected for the study. The issues of interest were as follows: the profiles of convicted foreigners, accompanying circumstances, general aetiology of the bribery offences committed by foreigners, the bribe recipients, convictions actually secured in a court of law against the perpetrators, and the types of punitive measures applied. Foreign nationals – perpetrators of bribery offences across Poland, originated from 17 countries. 81.3% of the studied population was made up of Ukrainians (41.7%), Belarussians (22.9%), Lithuanians (9.4%), and Russians (7.3%). Single cases were perpetrated by the citizens of Kazakhstan, Turkey, Sweden, Bulgaria, Romania, Latvia, China, Slovakia, Vietnam, Armenia, India, Czech Republic, and Germany. Men prevailed – ca. 10% of those convicted of bribery were women. The most numerous were perpetrators aged 32–40, while the remaining number of offenders was almost equally split amongst the following age brackets 41–50, 22–30, and 51–63 years; the oldest offenders being the least numerous. Two occupational groups clearly predominated: drivers and construction workers. Nonetheless, the perpetrators also included police officers, doctors, nurses, an office worker, and a teacher. The recipients of financial gains, i.e. those to whom the bribes were either handed out or offered, were police officers (48.9% of cases), border guards (31.3%), and customs service officers (15.6%). Individual cases comprise handing out a bribe to an official at the Registry Office (in connection with arranging for a fictitious marriage), public transport ticket inspector, and state railway security service officers. In the cases under study, two places for handing out bribes have been identified, i.e. border crossings (40.6% of cases) and public highways (51% of cases), where traffic police officers are offered material gain. In the vast majority of cases, it was money (amounts ranged from PLN 50.00 to over PLN 1,000.00). Every third perpetrator, a foreign national, was under the influence of alcohol when offering the bribe. The study of foreigners convicted of bribery in the years spanning 2008–2013 identifies two situations in which acts of corruption take place. The first one, driving under the influence of alcohol. Handing out material benefits to a traffic police officer, usually money, is intended to dissuade him from imposing a substantial fine, or from instigating criminal proceedings (prosecution), and consequently from an imposition of a ban on driving motor vehicles by a court of law. The other one, handing out financial benefits to Border Guard or Customs Service officers. When analysing the explanations provided by the perpetrators of bribery, how they tried to rationalise their attempts to corrupt public officials (the police, border guards, customs service officers), the investigators found that it all seemed to stem from a different legal culture in the societies they come from, i.e. a culture of open disregard for the law, public morality in which everything can be ‘sorted out,’ even if it means that the perpetrator effectively evades criminal liability. A public morality in which both parties, a public official and a citizen, conspire to circumvent the law. I am therefore inclined to brand the social background of origin of the 80% of foreign nationals convicted of bribery in Poland as ‘corruption-spawning communities,’ where in the relationship between a citizen and a government agency official it is perfectly natural to offer/accept a consideration for ‘sorting things out.’ Foreign nationals charged with bribery, except for a single case of conditional discontinuance of the proceedings in progress, were sentenced to fines and other punitive measures. A conditionally suspended term of imprisonment prevailed, followed closely by a fine. Apart from the actual penalties, the courts also applied selected punitive measures, such as driving bans, cash considerations, forfeiture of items originating directly from the offence, forfeiture of items actually used, or intended for use in the perpetration of an offence. Immediate custodial sentence was imposed in three cases, i.e. in convictions for several offences, such as bribery, driving under the influence of alcohol, and assaulting a public official.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 175-189
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rola kobiet przy porwaniach rodzicielskich w świetle wyników badań aktowych. Sprawczynie czy pokrzywdzone przestępstwem?
THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN PARENTAL CHILD ABDUCTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXAMINATION OF RECORDS. PERPETRATORS OR VICTIMS OF AN OFFENCE?
Autorzy:
Dajnowicz-Piesiecka, Diana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/561555.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-12-21
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo HUMANICA
Tematy:
orwania rodzicielskie
sprawca przestępstwa
małoletni
rodzice
przestępstwa przeciwko rodzinie i opiece
parental abductions
perpetrators
minors
parents
crime against the family and care
Opis:
We wszystkich państwach świata kobiety znacznie rzadziej popełniają przestępstwa. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu weryfikację tego twierdzenia na gruncie przestępstwa porwania rodzicielskiego, czyli takiego porwania dziecka, którego dokonuje jego matka bądź ojciec. Artykuł przedstawia informacje o tym czy kobiety w kontekście porwań rodzicielskich są częściej osobami pokrzywdzonymi czy raczej sprawczyniami tego typu czynu zabronionego, jak również prezentuje wybrane sytuacje faktyczne opisane na podstawie poddanych badaniu aktowemu spraw karnych o przestępstwo określone w art. 211 kodeksu karnego.
In all countries all over the world the world, women are less likely to commit crime than men. The following study aims at verifying this assertion on the grounds of the criminal offense of child abduction, which is understood as the abduction of a child by his mother or father. The article provides information on whether women, in the context of parental abductions, are more likely to be victims rather than perpetrators of this type of offense. It discusses selected factual situations described on the basis of criminal cases referred to in Art. 211 of the Criminal Code.
Źródło:
Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych; 2017, 2(3); 140-154
2451-3539
2543-7011
Pojawia się w:
Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mediacja między pokrzywdzonym a sprawcą przestępstwa jako forma rozwiązywania konfliktów
Mediation between the Aggrieved Party and the Perpetrator as a Form of Conflict-Solving
Autorzy:
Kruk, Marzena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698792.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
konflikty
mediacja
sprawiedliwość naprawcza
sposoby rozwiązywania konfliktów
pokrzywdzony
sprawca przestępstwa
conflicts
mediation
restorative justice
ways to solve conflicts
aggrieved party
perpetrator
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 837-851
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dekryminalizacja przestępstwa (nieświadomie) nieumyślnego?
Autorzy:
Byczyk, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788201.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-09-03
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
dekryminalizacja
nieumyślne popełnienie przestępstwa
wina nieumyślna
przestępstwo nieumyślne
odpowiedzialność karna
sprawca nieumyślnego przestępstwa
decriminalisation
unintentional crimes
perpetrator of inadvertently negligent crime
unintentional guilt
criminal responsibility
Opis:
The author considers the reasonableness of the recently proposed – especially in the German and Ango–American science of Criminal Law – postulates of decriminalization of the unintentional crimes. The analysis of those propositions reveals that they are based on questioning the possibility of proving guilt of the perpetrator of inadvertently negligent crime. Such doubts have generally not been shared by the Polish doctrine of criminal law, although authors considering this question seem have been aware of the special character of the criminalization of those crimes, where there is no culpability of the will. At the same time, the analysis of the formulated on the grounds of theory of criminalization premises of the creating penal prohibitions reveals that the unintentional crimes, especially of inadvertent negligence, fulfill those premises. It does not change the fact that this type of responsibility should be applied exceptionally, more rarely than it is currently the case in the Polish Criminal Law. The achievement of this purpose could be possible by replacing in case of some crimes the unintentionality clause with recklessness clause. The chance to reflect upon this question could be the current discussion upon the changes in the Polish Criminal Code.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2014, 3 (199); 119-136
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Glosa do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 28 czerwca 2017 r. III KK 141/17. Odpowiedzialność za paserstwo nieumyślne
Autorzy:
Różańska-Ungur, Patricia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1336686.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-25
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
paserstwo umyślne
paserstwo nieumyślne
odpowiedzialność karna profesjonalnego podmiotu
nabycie rzeczy pochodzących z czynu zabronionego
przedmiot wykonawczy
sprawca przestępstwa pierwotnego
handling stolen goods intentionally
handling stolen goods unintentionally
professional entity’s criminal liability
acquisition of things originating from prohibited acts
object of crime
perpetrator of primary crimes
Opis:
Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi aprobujące odniesienie się autora do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 28 czerwca 2017 r., III KK 141/17. Przedmiotem niniejszej glosy jest próba rozkodowania ustawowych przesłanek charakteryzujących stronę podmiotową i stronę przedmiotową podmiotu dopuszczającego się przestępstwa paserstwa niemyślnego, opisanego w normie prawnej z art. 292 k.k., tj. przestępstwa powszechnego o charakterze publicznoskargowym ściganego z urzędu, przez pryzmat sprawcy będącego przedsiębiorcą trudniącym się handlem konkretnymi rzeczami w sposób profesjonalny, który jako taki winien dochować należytej staranności, aby zorientować się, że dana nabywana przez niego rzecz pochodzi z czynu zabronionego.
The paper presents the author’s opinion of approval of the judgement of the Supreme Court of 28 June 2017, III KK 141/17. The gloss tries to decode the statutory features of the subjective and objective aspects of an entity involved in the offence of handling stolen goods unintentionally referred to in the legal norm of Article 292 CC , i.e. a commonoffence subject to public prosecution ex officio, through the prism of a perpetrator who is an entrepreneur involved in professional trade and who, as such, should be especially diligent in order to recognise that an object he/she buys originates from the commission of a prohibited act.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2021, 15, 1; 167-184
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Obligation to Report Cases of Child Sexual Abuse – Comparison of Legal Regulations in Poland, Austria, and the Federal Republic of Germany
Autorzy:
Tuora-Schwierskott, Ewa
Bień-Węgłowska, Iwona Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40454635.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
denucjacja
przestępstwa seksualne
sprawca
niezawiadomienie
denunciation
sexual offences
criminal offender
failure to notify
Opis:
Przedmiotem opracowania jest porównanie regulacji prawnych w zakresie obowiązku zgłoszenia przypadków wykorzystania seksualnego dzieci w Polsce, Austrii i Republice Federalnej Niemiec. Autorki skupiły się na analizie sposobu realizacji zgłoszenia przestępstwa pedofilii, konsekwencji prawnych i społecznych niezawiadomienia oraz na różnicach w podejmowanych działaniach ustawodawczych, administracyjnych, społecznych i wychowawczych służących ochronie dobra dziecka.
The subject matter of this work constitutes the comparison of the legal regulations governing the obligation to report cases of child sexual abuse in Poland, Austria, and the Federal Republic of Germany. The authors have focused on the analysis of the method of reporting the crime of paedophilia, the legal and social consequences of the failure to notify of that kind of offence, and the differences in the legislative, administrative, social, and educational measures taken to protect a child’s welfare.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2023, 54, 3; 221-238
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Toward New Focus on Retributive Justice. Reflections on Background of Passive Subject of Crime
Autorzy:
Smarzewski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1806770.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-11-16
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
retrybutywizm
sprawiedliwość retrybutywna
przestępstwo
ofiara
sprawca
bierny podmiot przestępstwa
kara
karanie
retributivism
retributive justice
crime
victim
offender
a passive subject of a crime
penalty
punishment
Opis:
Nowe spojrzenie na sprawiedliwość retrybutywną. Rozważania na tle koncepcji biernego podmiotu przestępstwa. W artykule podjęto próbę nowego spojrzenia na retrybutywizm. Punkt wyjścia dla prezentowanej idei stanowi koncepcja biernego podmiotu przestępstwa. Wydaje się bowiem, że retrybutywizm wobec wyczerpania środków do jego argumentacji wymaga nowej podbudowy. Stąd postuluje się zestawienie teorii retrybutywnego karania z koncepcją podkreślającą znaczenie ofiary przestępstwa w jej materialnoprawnym ujęciu. Prawo karne potrzebuje uzasadnienia dla publicznej reakcji, którą stanowi kara z uwzględnieniem pomiotu biernego, tj. tego, czyje dobra prawne, będące przedmiotem ochrony norm prawa karnego materialnego, zostały bezpośrednio naruszone lub zagrożone przez przestępstwo. To ofiara cierpi wskutek przestępstwa i dlatego też wymaga szczególnego podejścia, zwłaszcza ze strony odpowiednich organów państwowych. Jednocześnie jest ona podmiotem, który może posiadać istotne znaczenie w kontekście ustalenia tego, na co sprawca zasługuje, także w perspektywie sądowego wymiaru kary. Ofiara przestępstwa jest więc istotnym czynnikiem, abstrahując nawet od kompensacyjnej funkcji prawa karnego. Kluczowe miejsce w tym kontekście zajmuje koncepcja biernego podmiotu przestępstwa, która może zostać zestawiona spójnie z retrybutywizmem. Nie jest ona bowiem względem niego teorią sprzeczną, a wręcz przeciwnie, w wielu aspektach pozostaje z nią zbieżna i stanowi istotne dopełnienie, niejednokrotnie kluczowe dla uzasadnienia sensu retrybutywnego karania.
This paper supports the attempt undertaken by its author to take a fresh look at criminal justice in relation to retributivism and conceptual framework of a passive subject of a crime is the starting point for any related consideration, for it seems that retributivism needs new grounds when measures of argument strength are no longer feasible. Therefore, it is postulated to juxtapose the theory of retributive punishment with a victim of a crime in its substantive perspective. However, the criminal law requires reasonable grounds for public response being punishment, not losing sight of a subject whose legal goods are protected by norms of the criminal law but have been directly infringed or imperilled by an offence. After all, it is a victim who suffers in effect of an offence, thus requiring a special approach, especially on the part of relevant public authorities. At the same time, a victim is a subject who may be significant in the context of determination of what an offender deserves, and therefore in the perspective of judicial punishment, too. So, a victim is an important factor, even if we disregard the compensation function of the criminal law. The conceptual framework of a passive subject of a crime, that may be consistently juxtaposed with retributivism, has been specifically highlighted in this paper. This conceptual framework is not contradictory to retributivism, on the contrary, in many respects it is consistent with retributivism and serves the grounds for retributive punishment.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych; 2015, 25, 4; 69-90
1507-7896
2544-5227
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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