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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 62
Tytuł:
Potrącenie umowne w prawie polskim
Autorzy:
Chyla, Łukasz
Barańska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/617354.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
contractual deduction
statutory deduction regime
potrącenie umowne
potrącenie ustawowe
Opis:
The subject matter of this paper concerns a marginalised in Polish academic literature issue of contractual deduction. The above-mentioned issue does not stem from the rules regarding statutory deduction regime, but from the principle of freedom of contract. The content of this study encompasses the premises for applicability of contractual deduction, namely: (1) the reciprocity of enforced claims and homogeneity of receivables; and (2) the topic of enforceability and voidability of claims. Prohibitions of deductions enshrined in Article 504 and Article 505 of the Polish Civil Code have been analysed as well. In the further part, the paper focuses upon on consequences caused by set-off agreement, including discrepancies specific to compensations concerning future receivables. The problem of admissibility of conversion of one type of deduction into another type has also been touched upon. The final part of the paper contains discussion of various kinds of contractual compensations, i.e. constant and one-off compensations.
Tematem niniejszego artykułu jest marginalizowane w polskim piśmiennictwie zagadnienie potrącenia umownego, którego podstaw należy upatrywać w zasadzie swobody umów, a nie w regulacji dotyczącej potrącenia ustawowego. W treści opracowania omówione zostały przesłanki jego stosowania, takie jak wzajemność egzekwowanych roszczeń, jednorodność wierzytelności oraz kwestia ich wymagalności i zaskarżalności. Analizie poddane zostały również zakazy potrąceń przewidziane w art. 504 i 505 Kodeksu cywilnego. W dalszej części pracy uwaga została zwrócona na skutki, jakie wywiera umowa potrącenia, z uwzględnieniem odrębności problematyki kompensat wierzytelności przyszłych. Artykuł dotyczy także problematyki dopuszczalności konwersji jednego typu potrącenia w drugi. Na zakończenie omówiono rodzaje kompensat umownych: stałe i jednorazowe.
Źródło:
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe; 2017, 20, 33
1506-8285
Pojawia się w:
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Alternative Natural Deduction for the Intuitionistic Propositional Logic
Autorzy:
Ilić, Mirjana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/749978.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
natural deduction
intuitionistic logic
Opis:
A natural deduction system NI, for the full propositional intuitionistic logic, is proposed. The operational rules of NI are obtained by the translation from Gentzen’s calculus LJ and the normalization is proved, via translations from sequent calculus derivations to natural deduction derivations and back.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic; 2016, 45, 1
0138-0680
2449-836X
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Proof Compression and NP Versus PSPACE II: Addendum
Autorzy:
Gordeev, Lew
Haeusler, Edward Hermann
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2142754.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-01-07
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
graph theory
natural deduction
computational complexity
Opis:
In our previous work we proved the conjecture NP = PSPACE by advanced proof theoretic methods that combined Hudelmaier’s cut-free sequent calculus for minimal logic (HSC) with the horizontal compressing in the corresponding minimal Prawitz-style natural deduction (ND). In this Addendum we show how to prove a weaker result NP = coNP without referring to HSC. The underlying idea (due to the second author) is to omit full minimal logic and compress only “naive” normal tree-like ND refutations of the existence of Hamiltonian cycles in given non-Hamiltonian graphs, since the Hamiltonian graph problem in NPcomplete. Thus, loosely speaking, the proof of NP = coNP can be obtained by HSC-elimination from our proof of NP = PSPACE.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic; 2022, 51, 2; 197-205
0138-0680
2449-836X
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Relacja między przepisami Kodeksu postępowania cywilnego w kwestii egzekucji z wynagrodzenia za pracę a przepisami prawa pracy
Autorzy:
Sławomir, Maciejewski,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902544.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-11-07
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
execution
protection of salary
deduction from salary
Opis:
In the event of carrying out the execution of remuneration for work, specific obligations imposed on the debtor’s employer. Because he is obliged to make appropriate deductions from the employee’s salary and transfer the amounts withheld enforcement authority, where his role is to determine the correct amount, which is to serve the satisfaction of creditor. At the same time the employer may be liable for irregularities in this area – both the creditor – if it turns out that due to the action of the employer was unsatisfied creditor, as well as the terms of an employee ‒ if it wrongfully depleted. Therefore, of particular importance to establish a remuneration components, which may be the subject of deductions, as well as the use of proper methods of deduction. Important, therefore, it seems to indicate the correct relationship between the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure on enforcement of wage and labor laws.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2017, 70; 149-162
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
From Gentzen to Jaskowski and Back: Algorithmic Translation of Derivations Between the Two Main Systems of Natural Deduction
Autorzy:
von Plato, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/749936.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
proof systems
linear natural deduction
Gentzen
Jaśkowski
Opis:
The way from linearly written derivations in natural deduction, introduced by Jaskowski and often used in textbooks, is a straightforward root-first translation. The other direction, instead, is tricky, because of the partially ordered assumption formulas in a tree that can get closed by the end of a derivation. An algorithm is defined that operates alternatively from the leaves and root of a derivation and solves the problem.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic; 2017, 46, 1/2
0138-0680
2449-836X
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Specifics of Argumentation in Judicial Practice in Ukraine
Autorzy:
Kistianyk, Volodymyr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1931340.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
court
argumentation
reasoning
judiciary
rhetoric
logic
induction
deduction
Opis:
In the context of reforming the legal system of Ukraine, the issue of judicial argumentation, which is developing in modern law schools, is necessary in current conditions of law enforcement process. In this regard, there is a need to outline the problematic aspects of the use of argumentation in the Ukrainian judicial system. This article is devoted to some features of the argumentation contained in decisions of Ukrainian courts. The article describes typical problems that occur during judicial argumentation, which hinder quality of justice. The author analyzes the logical approach to judicial argumentation, argumentation based on principles, the rhetorical approach and inductive as well as deductive argumentation during proceedings in Ukrainian courts. These are some of the most widely used approaches in judicial argumentation. The article provides some recommendations that can improve argumentation in Ukrainian judicial practice. These problems can be solved by improving the level of legal culture, increasing the education of litigants and by using other methods.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2020, 3(27); 37-49
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of the Nile Aquifer Lithological Characteristics on Groundwater Chemistry in Assiut Governorate, Egypt
Autorzy:
Saleem, Hussein Ali
El-Tahlawi, Mohamed R.
Abo-El Kassem, Mohamed
Boghdady, Gamal Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/124237.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
lithological characteristics
Nile aquifer
rock source deduction
Assiut
Opis:
The chemical composition of groundwater is affected by many features, including the impact caused by surrounding rocks. The Nile aquifer is surrounded by the calcareous structural plateau along the Assiut governorate on both sides. This paper aims at studying the effect of surrounding rocks on the chemical composition of groundwater in the Nile aquifer along the Assiut governorate. Fifty-five samples were taken from drinking water stations and irrigation wells in 2015, and then analyzed chemically in water and soil fertility laboratory located in the irrigation ministry in Assiut. Aquachem software package was used to determine the groundwater type and rock source deduction. Piper-trilinear diagram was plotted to show the hydrochemical facies. Furthermore, Gibbs diagram was applied to determine the correlation between water composition and aquifer lithological characteristics. The results revealed that nearly all of the groundwater samples drop in the water-rock interaction field. The results of rock source deduction show that the ratio of Cl to the sum of anions is less than 0.8 for all samples, concluding that the rock weathering is dominant. According to the criterion of TDS values, 78% of all the samples indicated that the carbonate weathering is prevalent; in turn, the ratio of Mg to Ca plus Mg shows that limestone-dolomite weathering is predominant. These results confirm that the calcareous structural plateau surrounding the Nile aquifer along the Assiut governorate has an effect on the groundwater chemistry by interacting between groundwater and limestone rocks which are the main component of the calcareous plateau.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2019, 20, 6; 73-83
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Structural Rules in Natural Deduction with Alternatives
Autorzy:
Restall, Greg
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43181436.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
proof
natural deduction
classical logic
bilateralism
substructural logics
Opis:
Natural deduction with alternatives extends Gentzen–Prawitz-style natural deduction with a single structural addition: negatively signed assumptions, called alternatives. It is a mildly bilateralist, single-conclusion natural deduction proof system in which the connective rules are unmodi_ed from the usual Prawitz introduction and elimination rules — the extension is purely structural. This framework is general: it can be used for (1) classical logic, (2) relevant logic without distribution, (3) affine logic, and (4) linear logic, keeping the connective rules fixed, and varying purely structural rules. The key result of this paper is that the two principles that introduce kinds of irrelevance to natural deduction proofs: (a) the rule of explosion (from a contradiction, anything follows); and (b) the structural rule of vacuous discharge; are shown to be two sides of a single coin, in the same way that they correspond to the structural rule of weakening in the sequent calculus. The paper also includes a discussion of assumption classes, and how they can play a role in treating additive connectives in substructural natural deduction.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic; 2023, 52, 2; 109-143
0138-0680
2449-836X
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Proof Compression and NP Versus PSPACE II
Autorzy:
Gordeev, Lew
Haeusler, Edward Hermann
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023196.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-11-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
natural deduction
sequent calculus
minimal logic
computational complexity
Opis:
We upgrade [3] to a complete proof of the conjecture NP = PSPACE that is known as one of the fundamental open problems in the mathematical theory of computational complexity; this proof is based on [2]. Since minimal propositional logic is known to be PSPACE complete, while PSPACE to include NP, it suffices to show that every valid purely implicational formula ρ has a proof whose weight (= total number of symbols) and time complexity of the provability involved are both polynomial in the weight of ρ. As is [3], we use proof theoretic approach. Recall that in [3] we considered any valid ρ in question that had (by the definition of validity) a “short” tree-like proof π in the Hudelmaier-style cutfree sequent calculus for minimal logic. The “shortness” means that the height of π and the total weight of different formulas occurring in it are both polynomial in the weight of ρ. However, the size (= total number of nodes), and hence also the weight, of π could be exponential in that of ρ. To overcome this trouble we embedded π into Prawitz’s proof system of natural deductions containing single formulas, instead of sequents. As in π, the height and the total weight of different formulas of the resulting tree-like natural deduction ∂1 were polynomial, although the size of ∂1 still could be exponential, in the weight of ρ. In our next, crucial move, ∂1 was deterministically compressed into a “small”, although multipremise, dag-like deduction ∂ whose horizontal levels contained only mutually different formulas, which made the whole weight polynomial in that of ρ. However, ∂ required a more complicated verification of the underlying provability of ρ. In this paper we present a nondeterministic compression of ∂ into a desired standard dag-like deduction ∂0 that deterministically proves ρ in time and space polynomial in the weight of ρ.2 Together with [3] this completes the proof of NP = PSPACE.Natural deductions are essential for our proof. Tree-to-dag horizontal compression of π merging equal sequents, instead of formulas, is (possible but) not sufficient, since the total number of different sequents in π might be exponential in the weight of ρ – even assuming that all formulas occurring in sequents are subformulas of ρ. On the other hand, we need Hudelmaier’s cutfree sequent calculus in order to control both the height and total weight of different formulas of the initial tree-like proof π, since standard Prawitz’s normalization although providing natural deductions with the subformula property does not preserve polynomial heights. It is not clear yet if we can omit references to π even in the proof of the weaker result NP = coNP.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic; 2020, 49, 3; 213-230
0138-0680
2449-836X
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Myśl jako ‘kyklos’ (DK 28 B 5) – aspekt refleksji epistemologiczno-metodologicznej Parmenidesa z Elei
The Idea of Circular Thought in the Philosophy of Parmenides of Elea (DK 28 B 5)
Autorzy:
Marcinkowska-Rosół, Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2013174.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Parmenides
myśl
koło
poznanie
dedukcja
circular thought
epistemology
deduction
Opis:
The article deals with the Greek idea of circular thought and especially with the question of its presence and meaning in the philosophy of Parmenides of Elea. A new interpretation of the fragment DK 28 B 5, which is crucial to this issue, is proposed. It is suggested that the circularity of thought refers to the deductive mode of the arguments in the “Aletheia” and to the proleptic character of some of the Parmenidean statements. Both fragment B 5 (to be placed probably at the beginning of the deduction of the “Aletheia”) and B 8.50-51 (the end of the “Aletheia”) may be successfully interpreted on the basis of this idea. The proposed interpretation makes clear why the circularity of thought does not oppose the linearity of the reasoning and why the logical character of cognition does not contradict its immediacy for Parmenides.
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2008, 56, 2; 321-341
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Różne rodzaje myślenia w rozwiązywaniu problemów matematycznych
Autorzy:
Ciosek, Marianna
Ratusinski, Tadeusz
Turnau, Stefan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/749350.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
thinking, empiricism, intuition, deduction, induction, solution, visualization, spreadsheet, computer.
Opis:
W artykule zamieszczono siedem autentycznych rozumowań, uzyskanych oduczniów szkoły średniej oraz studenta studiów doktoranckich z matematykiw wyniku obserwacji ich pracy nad rozwiązaniem zadania. Każda z tych osóbrozwiązywała jedno z czterech zadań, wśród których jedno to standardowezadanie z geometrii analitycznej, a trzy pozostałe to zadania otwarte – każdeo innej strukturze logicznej. Opisane rozumowania są analizowane przezpryzmat wprowadzonej przez Profesor Zofię Krygowską typologii rodzajówmyślenia matematycznego, w której wyróżnia się: wnioskowanie empiryczne,rozumowanie intuicyjne oraz rozumowanie formalne. W komentarzach do rozumowańuwzględniane są także wyniki rozważań innych autorów na tematnatury myślenia matematycznego. W konkluzji zwrócono uwagę na różnice wrozumieniu przez poszczególnych uczniów, czym jest uzasadnienie stwierdzeniamatematycznego, a także na pewne podobieństwo między uczniem a osobą wykształconąmatematycznie w posługiwaniu się wnioskowaniem empirycznym.
Źródło:
Didactica Mathematicae; 2017, 39
2353-0960
Pojawia się w:
Didactica Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Binary Quantifier for Definite Descriptions in Intuitionist Negative Free Logic: Natural Deduction and Normalisation
Autorzy:
Kürbis, Nils
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/749954.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
definite descriptions
negative intuitionist free logic
natural deduction
normalization
Opis:
This paper presents a way of formalising definite descriptions with a binary quantifier ℩, where ℩x[F, G] is read as `The F is G'. Introduction and elimination rules for ℩ in a system of intuitionist negative free logic are formulated. Procedures for removing maximal formulas of the form ℩x[F, G] are given, and it is shown that deductions in the system can be brought into normal form.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic; 2019, 48, 2; 81-97
0138-0680
2449-836X
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Section of Logic
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
CardS4: modal theorem proving on Java smart cards
Autorzy:
Gore, R.P.
Nguyen, P.T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/309413.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
bezpieczeństwo
kod
kryptografia
security of mobile code
modal deduction
Opis:
We describe a successful implementation of a theorem prover for modal logic S4 that runs on a Java smart card with only 512 KBytes of RAM and 32 KBytes of EEPROM. Since proof search in S4 can lead to infinite branches, this is "proof of principle" that non-trivial modal deduction is feasible even on current Java cards. We hope to use this prover as the basis of an on-board security manager for restricting the flow of "secrets" between multiple applets residing on the same card, although much work needs to be done to design the appropriate modal logics of "permission" and "obligations". Such security concerns are the major impediments to the commercial deployment of multi-application smart cards.
Źródło:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2002, 4; 68-80
1509-4553
1899-8852
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Beginnings of Human Reasoning: Manifestations of Induction, Deduction and Abduction in Hominid Activities
Autorzy:
Ratajczyk, Dawid
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1008834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-10-13
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
reasoning
evolution
induction
deduction
abduction
hominids
hunter-gatherers
social interactions
Opis:
Reasoning is a significant feature of humans and it might be one of the main reasons for their evolutionary success. Reasoning is a broad concept and can be divided into types (according to a classification system). Logical classifications propose to distinguish inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning.I try to investigate at which point of human evolution particular types of reasoning arose and why. The study presents deliberation on changes in human lifestyle and their impact on reasoning. It also presents possible hominid activities, which evidence usage of different types of reasoning at different stages of human evolution. Early stages (passive scavengers) suggest no need for creative reasoning. It seems induction was sufficient for hominids to perform their activities. However, some strategies of food foraging applied by hunter-gatherers suggest the usage of abductive reasoning. Social interactions need transitive reasoning to occur and this is an indication of deductive reasoning. I put forward a hypothesis that abduction is necessary to create beliefs, so the ability to abduct arose when humans started to consider afterlife at the latest. I also suggest that abductive reasoning is one of the newest achievements in human evolution.
Źródło:
Studia z kognitywistyki i filozofii umysłu; 2017, 10, 1
2082-7083
Pojawia się w:
Studia z kognitywistyki i filozofii umysłu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rozumowanie dedukcyjne w procesie uczenia się języka niemieckiego jako drugiego języka obcego na przykładzie podsystemu gramatycznego
Deductive reasoning in the learning process of German as a second foreign language based on example of grammatical subsystem
Autorzy:
Bawej, Izabela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16465404.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-04-27
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Collegium Novum. Polskie Towarzystwo Neofilologiczne
Tematy:
deduction
strategies
transfer
English
German
grammar
dedukcja
strategie
angielski
niemiecki
gramatyka
Opis:
The role of the first foreign language in second foreign language learning is an interesting research question. The main purpose of the research was to relate if and how the learners make deductions about German grammar based on English language skills. Therefore, this study presents the results of a survey conducted among students of Applied Linguistics who learn German after English. Participants were interviewed to state their opinion about the usefulness of English in learning German structures. The results of this inquiry allow the conclusions that learners use and transfer the previously acquired knowledge and information from what they have in first foreign language in order to understand, learn or form structures in the second foreign language. They compare both languages, look for similarities in the creation of the construction and the application of the structures or constructions, conclude by analogies between English and German in grammatical subsystem. In this way they deduce that English makes possible and facilitates to memorize grammatical forms while learning German, e.g. passive voice, articles, tenses, irregular verbs, comparative and superlative adjectives.
Źródło:
Neofilolog; 2022, 58/1; 85-98
1429-2173
Pojawia się w:
Neofilolog
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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