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Wyszukujesz frazę "data estimation" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Polish households savings in the financial intersectoral linkages
Autorzy:
Trębska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22446548.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
saving
flow of funds
data estimation
financial input-output model
Opis:
Research background: Savings of households are accumulated as a result of individual propensity to save. Simultaneously, they provide the sources of financing investments in the economy through financial institutions as intermediaries in the flow of funds, between entities with a surplus and those with a demand for them. Purpose of the article: The paper aims at indicating the changes in the structure of households' financial savings in Poland in the period 2003-2015, as well as at exploring them as a source of financing the activities of other sectors through institutional mechanisms of the financial system. Methods: Intersectoral financial flows were estimated using input-output methods for com-piling 'sector by instrument' tables of financial assets and liabilities into 'sector by sector' matrices of intersectoral flows of each financial instrument. The research is based on statistical data published in the Eurostat database, i.e. annual accounts ? financial balance sheets by institutional sectors and subsectors. The role of households' financial savings in the network of intersectoral linkages in the financial system has been examined on the basis of financial input-output model. Findings & Value added: The comparison of the significance of particular institutional sectors' supply of funds clearly indicates that the increase in households' financial assets causes the largest increase in financial flows both as a result of direct effect and indirect effects reflecting the size of these flows' feedback in the financial system. The study presented herein is the first application of the input-output approach for the Polish financial system. The idea of financial input-output model proposed by Tsujimura & Mizoshita (2003) is extended to disaggregate intersectoral flows in the form of individual financial instruments.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2018, 13, 2; 307-329
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Automatic Identification System (AIS) dynamic data estimation based on discrete Kalman Filter (KF) algorithm
Estymacja danych dynamicznych automatycznego systemu identyfikacji (AIS) w oparciu o algorytm dyskretnego filtru Kalmana (KF)
Autorzy:
Jaskólski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/222905.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Dowodzenia i Operacji Morskich
Tematy:
AIS
Kalman filter
AIS data estimation
filtr Kalmana
estymacja danych AIS
Opis:
Due to the safety reason, the ship movement on the littoral area should be monitored, tracked, recorded and stored. Automatic Identification System (AIS) is the perfect tool to ensure this requirement. The limit probability for the AIS dynamic data availability can be limited by the lack of Global Position System (GPS) signal, heading (HDG) and rate of turn (ROT) data in position report. Availability of data link is an additional limitation. For this purpose, it is possible to attach the Discrete Kalman filter (KF) for the position, and course estimation. Coordinate estimation in the absence of a transmission link can improve the quality of AIS service at Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) stations. This article presents Kalman filtering algorithm to improve the possibilities of ship motion tracking and monitoring in the TSS (Traffic Separation Scheme) and fairways area. Only 39 iterations were presented to familiarize how the Kalman filter algorithm works. The archival data from 2006 were used deliberately. During that time, there were problems with the AIS availability service. With the use of measurements series from those years, it is easier to observe the effectiveness of Kalman filter in absence of AIS data.
Dla zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żeglugi ruch jednostek pływających w rejonie wód wewnętrznych i w strefie przybrzeżnej powinien być monitorowany i rejestrowany, najlepiej w postaci cyfrowej. Doskonałym narzędziem do tego celu jest automatyczny system identyfikacji (AIS). Dostępność danych dynamicznych AIS może zostać jednak zredukowana z powodu braku dostępu do systemów pozycjonowania (GPS) oraz braku danych o kursie (HDG) i prędkości kątowej (ROT) w raportach pozycyjnych. Niedostępność łącza komunikacyjnego w paśmie VHF jest dodatkowym ograniczeniem systemu. W celu estymacji danych dotyczących pozycji i kursu statku w czasie, gdy dane te nie są dostępne, można zastosować dyskretny filtr Kalmana (KF). Estymacja współrzędnych w przypadku braku łącza komunikacyjnego wynikającego z ograniczeń dostępności systemu AIS podnosi jakość serwisu zarządzania ruchem statków (VTS). W artykule zaprezentowano 39 iteracji filtru Kalmana. Celowo zastosowano dane archiwalne z 2006 roku, albowiem w tych rejestracjach występują wyraźne przerwy w strumieniu danych. Rzecz w tym, że efektywność zaproponowanego rozwiązania łatwiej zaobserwować, jeśli zostaną zastosowane serie pomiarowe z okresu, gdy występowały problemy z dostępnością serwisu AIS.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej; 2017, R. 58 nr 4 (211), 4 (211); 71-87
0860-889X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Two-dimensional coordinate estimation for missing automatic identification system (AIS) signals based on the discrete Kalman filter algorithm and universal transverse mercator (UTM) projection
Autorzy:
Jaskólski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135285.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
AIS
Kalman filter
AIS data estimation
data fusion
ship movement prediction
ship motion tracking
Opis:
Due to safety reasons, the movement of a ship in coastal areas should be monitored, tracked, recorded, and stored. The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a suitable tool to use in performing these functions. The probability limit for the AIS dynamic data availability can be limited by the lack of a Global Position System (GPS) signal, heading (HDG), and rate of turn (ROT) data in the position report. The unavailability of a data link is an additional limitation. To fill this gap, it is possible to attach the discrete Kalman filter (KF) for the position and course estimation. Coordinate estimation in the absence of a transmission link can improve the quality of the AIS service at Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) stations. This paper has presented the Kalman filtering algorithm to improve the possibilities for ship motion tracking and monitoring in the TSS (Traffic Separation Scheme) and fairways area. More than 570 iterations were calculated and the results have been presented in figures to familiarize the reader with the operating principle of the Kalman filter algorithm.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2017, 52 (124); 82-89
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On robust inference for the Cox model - the coxrobust package
Odporny test istotności dla modelu Coxa - teoria i zastosowania
Autorzy:
Bednarski, Tadeusz
Borowicz, Filip
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/907044.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
robust estimation
survival data analysis
Opis:
A methodology supporting the COXROBUST package, designed for the robust inference in the Cox regression model, is presented. Basic functions of the package and its data analytic capabilities are described.
Pierwsza części wykładu będzie prezentacją programu statystycznego służącego odpornej estymacji w modelu Сох’a - aplikacja opracowana na podstawie metody T. Bednarskiego (1993). Program ten została dołączony do zestawu pakietów statystycznych języka R, budowanego w ramach otwartego projektu. Teoretyczna część wykładu poświęcona będzie zagadnieniu odpornej weryfikacji istotności modelu Cox’a. Przedstawione będą wyniki analityczne związane z granicznym rozkładem stosownie zmodyfikowanej statystyki Walda - bazującej na odpornej estymacji parametrów regresji w modelu Cox’a. Ponadto zaprezentowane będą wyniki Monte Carlo umożliwiające ocenę stopnia bliskości rozkładu asymptotycznego z wynikami empirycznymi dla skończonych prób. Zaproponowana statystyka testowa została dołączona do wspomnianego wcześniej pakietu statystycznego.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2008, 216
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Data Integration and Small Domain Estimation in Poland – Experiences and Problems
Autorzy:
Gołata, Elżbieta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/465898.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
Small domain estimation
data integration
Opis:
The aim of the study could be identified twofold. On the one hand, it was a presentation of Polish experiences as concerns the most important methodological issues of contemporary statistics. These are the problems of data integration (DI) and statistical estimation for small domains (SDE).On the other hand, attempts to determine relationship between these two groups of methods were undertaken. Given convergence of the objectives of both SDE and DI, that is: striving to increase efficiency of the use of existing sources of information, simulation study was conducted. It was aimed at verifying the hypothesis of synergies referring to combined application of both groups of methods: SDE and DI.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2012, 13, 1; 107-142
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An assessment of the quality of near-real time GNSS observations as a potential data source for meteorology
Autorzy:
Dymarska, N.
Rohm, W.
Sierny, J.
Kapłon, J.
Kubik, T.
Kryza, M.
Jutarski, J.
Gierczak, J.
Kosierb, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/108476.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
ZTD estimation
data validation
GNSS meteorology
Opis:
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can be used to determine accurate and high-frequency atmospheric parameters, such as Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) or Precipitable Water Vapour (PW), in all-weather conditions. These parameters are often assimilated into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models and used for nowcasting services and climate studies. The effective usage of the ZTDs obtained from a ground-based GNSS receiver’s network in a NWP could fill the gap of insufficient atmospheric water vapour state information. The supply of such information with a latency acceptable for NWP assimilation schemes requires special measures in the GNSS data processing, quality control and distribution. This study is a detailed description of the joint effort of three institutions – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław University, and the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – to provide accurate and timely GNSS-based meteorological information. This paper presents accuracy analyses of near real-time GNSS ZTD validated against reference ZTD data: the International GNSS Service (IGS) from a precise GNSS solution, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and radiosonde profiles. Data quality statistics were performed for five GNSS stations in Poland over a time span of almost a year (2015). The comparison of near real-time ZTD and IGS shows a mean ZTD station bias of less than 3 mm with a related standard deviation of less than 10 mm. The bias between near real-time ZTD and WRF ZTD is in the range of 5-11 mm and the overall standard deviation is slightly higher than 10 mm. Finally, the comparison of the investigated ZTD against radiosonde showed an average bias at a level of 10 mm, whereas the standard deviation does not exceed 14 mm. Considering the data quality, we assess that the NRT ZTD can be assimilated into NWP models.
Źródło:
Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications; 2017, 5, 1; 3-13
2299-3835
2353-5652
Pojawia się w:
Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On Some Estimator of Finite Population Skewness Under Nonresponse
O pewnym estymatorze współczynnika skośności przy brakach odpowiedzi
Autorzy:
Gamrot, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/906275.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
finite population skewness
incomplete data
estimation
Opis:
Jedną z najpopularniejszych miar asymetrii rozkładu cechy w populacji jest współczynnik skośności wyznaczany poprzez standaryzację trzeciego momentu centralnego względem średniej. W niniejszej pracy rozważono wykorzystanie powszechnie znanej procedury losowania dwufazowego do szacowania współczynnika skośności w populacji skończonej przy brakach odpowiedzi. Zaproponowano estymator tego współczynnika będący funkcją znanych nieobciążonych estymatorów wartości globalnych cechy w populacji. Własności skonstruowanego estymatora zbadano w drodze symulacji komputerowych. W eksperymentach wykorzystano dane uzyskane podczas spisu rolnego w wybranych gminach powiatu Dąbrowa Tarnowska.
One of the most popular measures for the assymetry o f distribution is the coefficient of skewness computed by standarizing the third central moment about the mean. In this paper the well-known two-phase sampling procedure is applied to estimate the finite population skewness under nonresponse. An estimator of this parameter is constructed as a function of well-known unbiased estimators of population totals. The properties of proposed estimator are investigated by the simulation study. The data obtained from agricultural census in boroughs of the Dąbrowa Tarnowska district is used in simulations.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2009, 228
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial microsimulation of personal income in Poland at the level of subregions
Autorzy:
Roszka, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193070.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-08-30
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
data integration
spatial microsimulation
small area estimation
synthetic data generation
Opis:
The paper presents an application of spatial microsimulation methods for generating a synthetic population to estimate personal income in Poland in 2011 using census tables and EU-SILC 2011 microdata set. The first section presents a research problem and a brief overview of modern estimation methods in application to small domains with particular emphasis on spatial microsimulation. The second section contains an overview of selected synthetic population generation methods. In the last section personal income estimation on NUTS 3 level is presented with special emphasis on the quality of estimates.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2019, 20, 3; 133-153
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Computing With Words and Life Data
Autorzy:
Grzegorzewski, P.
Hryniewicz, O
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/908012.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
computing with words
life data
vague data
estimation
hypotheses testing
Opis:
The problem of statistical inference on the mean lifetime in the presence of vague data is considered. Situations with fuzzy lifetimes and an imprecise number of failures are discussed.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2002, 12, 3; 337-345
1641-876X
2083-8492
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimation of mask effectiveness perception for small domains using multiple data sources
Autorzy:
Sen, Aditi
Lahiri, Partha
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028543.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-15
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
cross-validation
jackknife
survey data
synthetic estimation
Opis:
Understanding the impacts of pandemics on public health and related societal issues at granular levels is of great interest. COVID-19 is affecting everyone in the globe and mask wearing is one of the few precautions against it. To quantify people's perception of mask effectiveness and to prevent the spread of COVID-19 for small areas, we use Understanding America Study's (UAS) survey data on COVID-19 as our primary data source. Our data analysis shows that direct survey-weighted estimates for small areas could be highly unreliable. In this paper, we develop a synthetic estimation method to estimate proportions of perceived mask effectiveness for small areas using a logistic model that combines information from multiple data sources. We select our working model using an extensive data analysis facilitated by a new variable selection criterion for survey data and benchmarking ratios. We suggest a jackknife method to estimate the variance of our estimator. From our data analysis, it is evident that our proposed synthetic method outperforms the direct survey-weighted estimator with respect to commonly used evaluation measures.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2022, 23, 1; 1-20
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Struktura własnościowa a efektywność świadczeniodawców
Autorzy:
Łyszczarz, Błażej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/634962.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
health care efficiency, private and public sector, ownership structure of providers, estimation of technical efficiency, data envelopment analysis
Opis:
Ownership structure and provider efficiencyThe purpose of the paper is to investigate the relationship between ownership structure of health care providers and technical efficiency of health care in the regions of Poland. A model built with the use of data envelopment analysis methodology is used for the estimation of efficiency of the health care production process in the regions. The inputs of the process are densities of doctors and nurses as well as per capita expenditures for health care in each of the regions; the outputs are numbers of ambulatory and stationary care services produced. Generally, the results show that the regions with a higher proportion of non-public providers are characterized by a higher technical efficiency, however the results are not unambiguous. The correlation between efficiency and the development of the non-public sector is statistically significant only in the case of ambulatory care providers, while it is insignificant when the proportion of non-public hospitals is considered.
Źródło:
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie; 2010, 8, 1
2084-2627
Pojawia się w:
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Development of Small Area Estimationin Official Statistics
Autorzy:
Kordos, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/466085.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
small area estimation
official statistics
sampling survey
direct estimation
indirect estimation
empirical Bayes estimator
hierarchical Bayes estimator
data quality
Opis:
The author begins with a general assessment of the mission of the National Statistics Institutes (NSIs), main producers of official statistics, which are obliged to deliver high quality statistical information on the state and evolution of the population, the economy, the society and the environment. These statistical results must be based on scientific principles and methods. They must be made available to the public, politics, economy and research for decision-making and information purposes. Next, before discussing general issues of small area estimation (SAE) in official statistics, the author reminds: the methods of sampling surveys, data collection, estimation procedures, and data quality assessment used for official statistics. Statistical information is published in different breakdowns with stable or even decreasing budget while being legally bound to control the response burden. Special attention is paid, from a practitioner point of view, to synthetic development of small area estimation in official statistics, beginning with international seminars and conferences devoted to SAE procedures and methods (starting with the Canadian symposium, 1985, and the Warsaw conference, 1992, to the Poznan conference, Poland, 2014), and some international projects (EURAREA, SAMPLE, BIAS, AMELI, ESSnet). Next, some aspects of development of SAE in official statistics are discussed. At the end some conclusions regarding quality of SAE procedures are considered.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2016, 17, 1; 105-132
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aircraft dynamic model identification on the basis of flight data recorder registers
Autorzy:
Lasek, L.
Lichota, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/115522.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Fundacja na Rzecz Młodych Naukowców
Tematy:
Dimensional derivatives
estimation
Flight Data Recorder
Flight Dynamics
Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Levenberg-Marquardt
System Identification
Opis:
We investigate the problem of an aircraft dynamic model parametric identification using dimensional derivatives as an example. Identification is done in offline mode, in the time domain. Flight parameters used for identification are obtained from Flight Data Recorder, that register them during each scheduled flight. We investigate the possibility of application of Maximum Likelihood Estimation that belongs to the Output Error Methods class. The likelihood function is defined for n-dimensional multivariate normal distribution. Unknown covariance matrix is estimated with the use of measured data and output equation. Output equation is calculated with Runge–Kutta fourth order method. In order to find the cost function minimum we consider using Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm, where derivatives are calculated with central difference formulas and small perturbations theory. Mathematical model of an aircraft is obtained through flight dynamics classical approach. Rigid body model of an aircraft is assumed. Coordinate Systems Transformations are done using Euler’s Rotation Theorem with angle order typical for flight dynamics. Equations of motion are obtained from Newtons Second Law of Motion in body fixed coordinate system Oxyz, that is located at aircraft’s center of gravity. Turbulence is modeled as a bias, and also is an object of identification. We implement this method in Matlab R2009b environment.
Źródło:
Challenges of Modern Technology; 2013, 4, 1; 16-20
2082-2863
2353-4419
Pojawia się w:
Challenges of Modern Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Approach to population estimation in Ukraine using mobile operators data
Autorzy:
Sarioglo, Volodymyr
Ogay, Maryna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/10145782.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-02-24
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
population estimation
mobile operators
mobile subscribers
administrative data
sample survey
Opis:
Estimating the size and places of residence of the population of Ukraine has been this country’s problem for the past decade, and is related to the lack of census data for the 2010 round, large-scale processes of external and internal labour migration, and Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine that started in 2014. This already disadvantageous situation has been significantly exacerbated by Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine which began on 24th February 2022. Conducting statistical surveys, especially surveys regarding the population, turned out to impossible under war circumstances. Therefore, the task of developing effective approaches to estimating the population size using data from existing sources, in particular the data of mobile operators regarding the number, location and mobility of subscribers, has become even more pressing. The article highlights the results of a study on the use of data from mobile operators, data from administrative registers, and the results of a special population sample survey on the use of mobile communication for the purpose of estimating the population. It also provides the results of experimental calculations of the population size in Ukraine as a whole and in particular regions. The study moreover showed that the size of Ukraine’s population in November 2019, unlike the official estimate of 41,940.7 thousand people, was probably about 37,289.4 thousand people. The developed approaches can be used to estimate the number and location of the population of Ukraine during the intercensal period or significant population movements due to environmental disasters or military conflicts.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2023, 24, 1; 131-144
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Complexity study of guaranteed state estimation for real time robot localization
Autorzy:
Seignez, E.
Lambert, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/384760.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Przemysłowy Instytut Automatyki i Pomiarów
Tematy:
autonomous robot
data fusion
localization
bounded error state estimation
algorithm
Opis:
The estimation of a vehicle configuration in its environment is mostly solved by Bayesian methods. Interval analysis allows an alternative approach: bounded-error localization. Such an approach provides a bounded set of configuration that is guaranteed to include the actual vehicle configuration. This paper describes the boundederror localization algorithms and presents their complexity study. A real time implementation of the studied algorithms is validated through the use of an experimental platform.
Źródło:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 2011, 5, 2; 12-27
1897-8649
2080-2145
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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