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Tytuł:
Criminal Law and its Victim-Oriented Development: an Academic Inquiry
Autorzy:
Tuliakov, Viacheslav
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28843238.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
criminal law
criminal policy
victim-oriented policy
victimology
human rights
Opis:
In the 21st century, one of the essential roles of the Criminal Code is to protect the rights and interests of crime victims. Criminal law is a complex field that must balance established principles with evolving societal dynamics. This involves various stakeholders, including the state, perpetrators, victims, and civil society, each with differing views on criminal law. The modern era, marked by post-truth narratives and a reputational society, has further complicated matters. Casuistry now prevails over systematic approaches, leading to a disconnect between criminal law’s foundational principles and intended societal outcomes. Contemporary criminal law operates on multiple dimensions, addressing individual, societal, and institutional levels while aiming to balance the interests of these entities. The transition from the “age of information” to the “age of reputation” underscores the importance of information subjected to external evaluation. In the context of harmonizing Ukrainian criminal legislation with EU and Council of Europe norms, it is vital to protect human rights. This aligns with a Committee of Ministers recommendation that recognizes crime as a wrong against society and a violation of individual rights, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding victim rights. Approaching criminal law from a victimological perspective offers unique insights into victim participation in criminal liability, crime qualification, and offender culpability. This perspective encourages assessing the efficacy of criminal law prohibitions and promoting victim engagement in crime control.
Źródło:
Copernicus Political and Legal Studies; 2023, 2, 3; 70-74
2720-6998
Pojawia się w:
Copernicus Political and Legal Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recenzja: Paweł Kobes, Funkcje kurateli w polityce kryminalnej, Difin, Warszawa 2019, ss. 378
Review: Paweł Kobes, Funkcje kurateli w polityce kryminalnej, Warszawa: Difin, 2019, ss. 378
Autorzy:
Porowski, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/498855.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Fundacja im. Aliny i Leszka Allerhandów
Tematy:
kurator
polityka kryminalna
probation officer
criminal policy
Opis:
Tekst stanowi recenzję książki Pawła Kobesa dotyczącej kurateli i jej miejsca w polityce kryminalnej.
This is a review of Paweł Kobes’s book on the legal guardianship and its place in the criminal policy.
Źródło:
Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda; 2019, 2, 1(3); 230-234
2657-7984
2657-800X
Pojawia się w:
Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Development of Criminal Policy in Hungary during the First Decade of the 21st Century
Autorzy:
Lévay, Miklós
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698740.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
polityka kryminalna
Węgry
przestępstwa
ofiary przestępstw
criminal policy
Hungary
crime
criminal justice policy
victims of crimes
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 543-554
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Predicting the Risk of Aggressive Recidivism. A Criminological and Psychological Perspective
Autorzy:
NOWAKOWSKI, KRZYSZTOF
STOJER-POLAŃSKA, JOANNA
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798650.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-07-15
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
aggressive crime
recidivism
risk assessment
violence
criminal policy
Opis:
Aggressive delinquency is recognized as a one of the most serious threats for the society. Although criminal violence is often considered in the fi eld of criminology, the issues of recurrence of criminal violence are less often undertaken. The article focuses on that important area of interest in criminology, including risk assessment for recurrence of criminal violence in particular. Changes in the penal policy as well as the main assumptions of risk assessment approach were characterised from dual perspective – criminology and forensic psychology. Moreover, the risk factors and protective factors model, diagnostic methods and current directions for predicting violent recidivism were discussed. Besides, threat of criminal aggression was revealed at a broad, social context, including the problem of the “dark number of crimes”. Limitations connected with measuring extent of recurrent aggressive delinquency were also discussed. At the end of the review, authors presented theoretical model included key factors infl uencing at the general level of criminal violence treat. This model consists of four categories: 1) institutions and the legal rules, 2) professional risk assessment, 3) effectiveness of former prisoners adaptation in society, 4) social perception and social attitudes toward risk of harm caused by aggressive crime. Presented article might be useful in discussion around the issue of effective criminal violence prevention.
Źródło:
Przegląd Policyjny; 2021, 141(1); 194-210
0867-5708
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Policyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The essence of money laundering – selected security issues
Autorzy:
Jakubiec, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19233706.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-03-31
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej
Tematy:
criminal policy
money laundering
criminalization of regulations
international cooperation
Opis:
Combating the crime of money laundering is of key importance for stabilizing the economy of every democratic state. Threats posed by the introduction of huge amounts of money from criminal activities into circulation are extremely high and pose a direct threat to the financial economy of the state, which in fact leads to its destabilization. The scale of undertakings undertaken on the international arena confirms the huge profits made by criminal groups from their illegal activities. In order to combat this practice properly, it is necessary to recognize this phenomenon at an early stage. For this purpose, specialized bodies have been established whose task is to identify threats related to money laundering and transfer this information to law enforcement authorities, which will take action to identify the criminal group. In accordance with international standards, the legislator has criminalized the phenomenon of money laundering, as only the involvement of law enforcement agencies ensures the proper fight against this practice. The mere penalization of criminal law provisions is not sufficient. Due to the fact that law enforcement authorities themselves do not have information about suspicious transactions that may bear the hallmarks of money laundering. It is reasonable to emphasize the importance of cooperation not only between the authorities within the state but also on the international arena. The article refers not only to the criminal policy in the field of money laundering, but also emphasizes the role of cooperation between the relevant institutions, which enables the effective fight against this practice. In connection with the above, the aim of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of money laundering from the perspective of the criminalization of provisions that are the basis for the effective fight of law enforcement agencies. To present the intended goal, methods of literature research were used with an emphasis on the Pro-Quest, Scopus and Science-Direct databases and public data provided by the Ministry of Finance, as well as applicable legal acts.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej; 2023, 27, 1; 33-37
2543-9103
2543-411X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O niektórych miernikach oceny polityki karnej (na przykładzie Polski w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu)
On Some Criminal Policy Evaluation Measures (Example of Poland’s Last Twenty Years)
Autorzy:
Skupiński, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698750.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
polityka kryminalna
prizonizacja
badania statystyczne
criminal policy
statistical studies
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 653-657
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kara ograniczenia wolności w świetle polityki kryminalnej w latach 1970-1998
Non-Custodial Sentences in Light of Penal Policy 1970-1998
Autorzy:
Melezini, Mirosława
Szczygieł, Grażyna B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699178.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kara ograniczenia wolności
polityka kryminalna
restriction of freedom
criminal policy
Opis:
The subject of the article is an analysis of the non-custodial sentencje known in Poland as curtailment of liberty (and thus excluding fines) as an important instrument of penal policy in the 1970-1998, the main focus being on two strands or this policy–legislative policy and penal policy–to the exclusion of the latter’s administrative aspects. In the light of the guiding principles of the 1969 Criminal Code non-custodial sentences were intended to become an important penal policy measure for treatment of perpetrators of  minor offenses and at the same time to provide a substitute for short terms of imprisonment, which had been found relatively ineffective as a means of achieving rehabilitation of convicted offenders. However, the normative extent of the code’s provision for non-custodial penalties proved to be relatively narrow. Within the range of alternatives to custodial punishment curtailment of liberty was an option available only under 17.5% of the defined offenses. Under Article 54 §1 sentencing to curtailment of liberty was admissible for 24% of all offenses and under Article  57 §1.3 for 27.9% of the total. The potential possibilities of non-custodial treatment of offenders were circumscribed by the provisions of Articles 54 §2, 52, 59 and 60.       A significant influence on the frequency of sentencing to curtailment of liberty was the actual incidence of criminal acts punishable by alternative form of treatment. Based on an analysis of Ministry of Justice and judicial statistics it appears that such acts were not among the most frequently committed offenses, amounting to about 10% of all convictions. The systematic growth of the proportion of sentences to curtailment of liberty, from 6.2% in 1970 to l8% in 1980, should, therefore, be regarded as achievement of the maximum level of possible sentences of this kind. If we consider the share of curtailment of liberty in the structure of sentences for offenses punishable by alternative forms of treatment we will find that there was a judicial bias towards curtailment of liberty. The frequency of such treatment of offenders fluctuated between 32.83% and 56.54%, while the range for fines came to 21.26%‒5I,99 % and for imprisonment to 3,4%‒21.26%. It can, therefore, be said that in the first decade following the 1969 Criminal Code’s entry into force curtailment of liberty fulfilled the purpose envisaged by the lawmakers, that is as an alternative to short terms of imprisonment. Undoubtedly, a factor contributing to the increase in the proportion of non-custodial sentences in the structure of final and conclusive judgments was the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court, in particular its guidelines for the administration of justice and judicial practice issued on 30 May 1979 (VII KZP 31/1977) concerning sentencing policy with respect to offenses for which the prescribed punishment is, interchangeably, imprisonmet, curtailment of liberty or a fine. Imprisonment, these stated, should be a penalty imposed only in the last resort when non-custodial forms of treatment are deemed incapable of performing the function of protection of the legal order.        If a salient characteristic of the 1970s was stability of legislative policy, which  precluded the possibility of shaping penal policy by means of legislation, the 1980s, or more precisely the period from 12 December 1981 to 1989, saw the emergence of a tendency in the opposite direction. For it brought the adoption of numerous basic amendments in criminal legislation, the general thrust of which was towards severer difinition of criminal responsibility. This was reflected in a decrease in the proportion of non-custodial sentences in the structure of final and conclusive judgments (from 15.6% in 1981 to 8.2% in 1984) and a concurrent increase in the frequency with which courts sentenced offenders to imprisonment (from 25.3% in 1981 to 33.1% in 1984).         During the years in which the rigorous provisions of the Special Criminal Responsibility Act were in force, that is in the period from 10 May 1985 to 30 June 1988, there was a systematic rise in the proportion of curtailment of liberty in the structure of sentences (from 10.1% in 1985 to 17.4% in 1987), which might have something to do with the introduction by the May legislation of provisions allowing for non-custodial treatment of offenders in summary proceedings.        The 1988 amendments to the Criminal Code, aimed at relaxing definitions of criminal responsibility, included, albeit in only a limited degree, provisions relating to the applicability of curtailment of liberty. These changes reflected a desire to increase the significance of non-custodial treatment in penal policy. However, in judicial practice there ensued a decrease in sentencing to curtailment of liberty, from 10.5% in 1989 to 5.3% in 1990.        The period of political, economic and social change in Poland which began  in 1989 stimulated criminal law reform. The aim of numerous legislative change which followed was to reduce the punitive  character of the Criminal Code. One reflection of this was greater provision for non-custodial treatment of offenders (introduced by the new Criminal Code enacted in 1995) through a broadening of the grounds for commuting sentences of imprisonment to curtailment of liberty or a fine under Article 54), reduction of the role of repeated criminality as an aggravating circumstance in punishment of offenders, and abolition of extended sentences for offenses classified as "hooligansm" or committed by repeat offenders.        In 1991-1995 the share of curtailment of liberty in the structure of sentences held steady at a level of 3.5%‒3,9%, making it the lowest ever for the period in which the 1969 Criminal Code was in force. This was not a result of the greater repressiveness of the criminal justice system since we observed a drop in the frquency of sentences of imprisonment. The courts tended to favor the use of conditional suspension of custodial sentences (the share of which rose from 43.9% in 1989 to 55.1% in 1997) and fines (up from 4.9% in 1989 to 27.4% in 1997). The explanation should, rather, be sought in problems with execution of sentences to curtaiment of liberty, chief among them the job shrinkages caused by changes in the free-market economy.       Analysis indicates that curtailment of liberty did not fulfill the expectations associated with this form of punishment. It did not become a significant instrument of penal policy nor did it contribute to reducing the scale of sentencing to terms of imprisonment. Even after a substantial widening of provision for punishment by curtailment of liberty its share of sentences ordered by the courts reached a level of only 5.2% (in 1977).       The new Criminal Code has substantially expanded the possibilities of sentencing offenders to curtailment of liberty. This form of punishment is intended to be an important instrument of penal policy with respect to misdemeanors and minor offenses and to replace imprisonment and even fines if ordering the latter is thought to serve no purpose. At the same time the Criminal Code has introduced modifications in the legal shape of this punishment. By preserving, contrary to the intentions of the code’s original drafters, multivariate forms of punishment it gives curtailment of liberty some of the hallmarks of probation by introducing the possibility of imposing certain additional conditions and establishing supervision. The new elements in the design of curtailment of liberty have met with numerous criticisms of the doctrine (including by the authors of the article). How it will affect the functioning of the institution analyzed the immediate future will tell.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2002, XXVI; 133-159
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reform of the criminal law in Poland
Die aktuellen Strafrechtsreformversuche in Polen. Eine Analyse
Autorzy:
Byczyk, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/684703.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
reform of the criminal law
criminal policy
penal populism
application of penalty
Opis:
The author discusses the main ideas behind the proposed reform of the criminal law in light of the project conveyed to the Polish Sejm on the 15th of May 2014. The proposed changes, being the most significant ones since the recodification of the criminal law in 1997, are based on the correct presumption that the deficiencies in current Polish criminal policy lead to overly repressive criminal law. A detailed analysis of the project, however, shows that it is not free from failures, in terms of both the formulation of legal norms as well as the reforms to institutions of the criminal law with respect to the application of penalties. It also does not take into account the arguments formulated in recent years regarding the reform of the criminal law. This leads to the conclusion thatthe proposed changes, though rightly focused on improving the most fundamental tools of criminal policy, nonetheless have the character of an ad hoc reform, which even hadsome elements of penal populism, influencing in such a negative way the shape of the criminal law in recent years. Yet most of those controversial changes have been abandoned during the parliamentary works on this since 1.07.2015 binding law.
The author discusses the main ideas behind the proposed reform of the criminal law in light of the project conveyed to the Polish Sejm on the 15th of May 2014. The proposed changes, being the most significant ones since the recodification of the criminal law in 1997, are based on the correct presumption that the deficiencies in current Polish criminal policy lead to overly repressive criminal law. A detailed analysis of the project, however, shows that it is not free from failures, in terms of both the formulation of legal norms as well as the reforms to institutions of the criminal law with respect to the application of penalties. It also does not take into account the arguments formulated in recent years regarding the reform of the criminal law. This leads to the conclusion thatthe proposed changes, though rightly focused on improving the most fundamental tools of criminal policy, nonetheless have the character of an ad hoc reform, which even had some elements of penal populism, influencing in such a negative way the shape of the criminal law in recent years. Yet most of those controversial changes have been abandoned during the parliamentary works on this since 1.07.2015 binding law.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2015, 5; 243-258
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O polityce karnej z perspektywy retrospektywnej
On Criminal Policy in Retrospection
Autorzy:
Pływaczewski, Emil W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698744.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
polityka karna
kodeks karny
analiza retrospektywna
criminal policy
penal code
retrospection
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 617-628
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Issues of Criminal Policy in the Interwar Period in Poland
Autorzy:
Grudzińska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/618261.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
criminal policy
penalty
J. Reinhold
A. Mogilnicki
purposefulness
polityka kryminalna
kara
celowość
Opis:
One of the debates carried out in interwar Poland among legal professionals, including on the pages of legal journals, regarded the issue of how to define and delimit the scope of criminal policy. It was contributed to by many prominent jurists of that era, such as J. Makarewicz, B. Wróblewski or E.S. Rappaport. The aim of this article is to present J. Reinhold’s and A. Moginicki’s views on criminal policy. However, these two authors perceived the combat against crime differently as to the use of various means by the state or both the state and society (penalties and/or preventive/protective measures). Although they were influenced by the sociological school of criminal law, mainly F. von Liszt’s position, an analysis of their views points to a number of differences in their positions.
Jedna z wielu dyskusji, które były podejmowane przez prawników w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym w Polsce m.in. na łamach czasopism prawniczych, dotyczyła zdefiniowania i określenia zakresu polityki kryminalnej. Uczestniczyło w niej wielu wybitnych prawników, w tym J. Makarewicz, B. Wróblewski i E.S. Rappaport. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie poglądów J. Reinholda i A. Mogilnickiego na politykę kryminalną oraz uwypuklenie różnic w przyjętych przez nich stanowiskach. Mimo tego, że na obu wpłynęła szkoła socjologiczna prawa karnego (głównie stanowisko F. von Liszta), można wskazać szereg rozbieżności w ich zdaniach. Po przeanalizowaniu tekstów tych autorów należy stwierdzić, że walka z przestępczością w ich ujęciu miała przebiegać odmiennie: poprzez użycie różnych środków (kary i/lub środków zabezpieczających/ochronnych) przez państwo lub przez państwo i społeczeństwo.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2018, 27, 4
1731-6375
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Lipcowa” nowelizacja Kodeksu karnego. Nowa filozofia prawa i wątpliwości konstytucyjne
“July” Amendment of the Criminal Code. New Philosophy of Law and Constitutional Concerns
Autorzy:
Daśko, Natalia
Bojarski, Janusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27177682.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
kodeks karny
polityka kryminalna
kara kryminalna
populizm penalny
criminal code
criminal policy
criminal punishment
penal populism
Opis:
The Act of July 7, 2022 introduced a thorough reform of criminal law. The effect of these changes is a significant tightening of criminal repression, e.g. in the form of extending the possible sentence of imprisonment from one month to 15 years to a period from one month to 30 years, lowering the age of criminal responsibility in special cases to 14 years or the possibility of imposing a penalty life imprisonment without the possibility of conditional early release. The changes that appeared in the Penal Code can be considered the next stage in the political struggle through activities known as penal populism. However, these changes can be viewed as the result of adopting a philosophy of criminal law different from the previous one and adopting the assumptions of neoclassicism in criminal law. However, some of these changes raise serious constitutional questions.
Ustawą z 7 lipca 2022 r. dokonano gruntownej reformy prawa karnego. Efektem tych zmian jest znaczne zaostrzenie represji karnej, np. w postaci wydłużenia możliwej do orzekania kary pozbawienia wolności z okresu od miesiąca do 15 lat, na okres od miesiąca do 30 lat, obniżenia wieku odpowiedzialności karnej w szczególnych przypadkach do 14 lat czy możliwości orzeczenia kary dożywotniego pozbawienia wolności bez możliwości warunkowego przedterminowego zwolnienia. Zmiany, które pojawiły się w Kodeksie karnym, można uznać za kolejny etap w walce politycznej poprzez działania określane mianem populizmu penalnego. Jednakże można na te zmiany spojrzeć jako na efekt przyjęcia odmiennej od dotychczasowej filozofii prawa karnego i przyjęcie założeń neoklasycyzmu w prawie karnym. Niektóre z tych zmian budzą jednak poważne wątpliwości konstytucyjne.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2023, 6(76); 287-302
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
WSPÓŁCZESNE KIERUNKI ZMIAN W ZAKRESIE KRYMINALIZACJI ZACHOWAŃ CZŁONKÓW ORGANIZACJI TERRORYSTYCZNYCH
Contemporary Trends of Change in the Criminalization of the Conduct of Members of Terrorist Organizations
Autorzy:
Filipkowski, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2096547.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-07-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
terroryzm, prawo karne; polityka kryminalna; zagraniczni bojownicy-terroryści.
terrorism; criminal law; criminal policy; foreign terrorist fighters.
Opis:
Opracowanie zawiera analizy kryminalistyczne i kryminologiczne oraz prawne w kontekście zachowań członków organizacji terrorystycznych. Pierwszy z obszarów badań dotyczy współczesnych zagrożeń terrorystycznych, przed którymi stoi wspólnota międzynarodowa oraz ustawodawcy w poszczególnych krajach. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na problem struktur organizacji terrorystycznych w ujęciu kryminologicznym i kryminalistycznym. Przybierają one postać układu powiązanych ze sobą: jednej komórki wsparcia oraz wielu komórek wykonawczych. Zwrócono także uwagę na pojawienie się nowej kategorii sprawców – zagranicznych bojowników-terrorystów. Drugi z poddanych analizie obszarów to kwestie rozszerzenia zakresu kryminalizacji zachowań będących wynikiem prac organizacji międzynarodowych oraz jego implementacji do prawa polskiego. W ostatniej części opracowania skonfrontowano obraz współczesnych postaci zachowań członków organizacji terrorystycznych z zakresem ich kryminalizacji w prawie karnym. Na koniec przedstawiono wnioski i postulaty dotyczące rodzajów typów czynów zabronionych i ich miejsca w systematyce części szczególnej polskiego kodeksu karnego.
This paper presents a series of forensic, criminological, and legal analyses of the conduct of members of terrorist organizations. My first research area concerns the contemporary terrorist threats facing the international community and legislators in individual countries. An examination of the structure of terrorist organizations from the forensic and criminological point of view shows that they make up an integrated system, with a single directing entity and numerous executive cells. I also consider the emergence of a new category of offenders, foreign terrorist fighters. My second area of research is the growing scope of criminalization in outcome of the work of international organizations and its implementation in Polish law. In the last part of my study I compare the current patterns of behaviour of members of terrorist organizations with the regulations of criminal law now in force. Finally, I present my conclusions and suggestions relating to the diverse types of terrorist offences and their place in the structure of the special part of the Polish Penal Code.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze; 2020, 20, 2; 77-100
2353-8139
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestępczość i polityka karna sądów w Węgierskiej Republice Ludowej
Crime and the penal policy of courts in the Hungarian peoples republic
Autorzy:
Kubiak, Jacek R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699255.pdf
Data publikacji:
1987
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
polityka karna
republika ludowa
przestępczość
ustawodawstwo
prawo karne
Węgry
orzecznictwo
gwałt
sądownictwo
pozbawienie wolności
grzywna
ludobójstwo
people's republic
criminality
legislation
criminal law
Hungary
certification
rape
judiciary
deprivation of liberty
fine
genocide
criminal policy
criminal Policy
Opis:
There is in Hungary a many years tradition. of gathering and publishing criminal statistics and its theoretical analysis. This tradition dates back to the early 19th century. In the modern days, it was discontinued in the years 1944-1956 only. However, in 1957, the publication of the basic data of criminal statistics in Statistical Yearbooks published by the central statistical Office was started anew. As shown by an analysis of the trends of the number of convictions of adults in the years 1944-1984 based on official sources, there is a high substantial changes in these trends with changes in the provisions of the penal law and to some extent in the socio-political climate. The following can thus be noticed: A very big number of convictions in the late fourties and early fifties (with the culminating point in 1952), accompanied by rapid drops in the years when amnesty laws were passed or new provisions of the penal law were introduced. A great drop in the number of convictions in 1956 and, 1957 which was related directly first of all to the course of events before and after October 23, 1956, and to the fact that a part of the jurisdiction of common courts of law was taken over by special courts of law was taken over by special courts the activity of which is not reflected in the analysed statistical data. A relative stabilization of the number of convictions in the years of gradual socio-political consolidation ( 1958-1962). A gradual increase in the number of convictions after the entering into force of the Penal Code of 1961 and its amendment of 1971. Accompanied by intermittent drops in the amnesty years and in the years when provisions that modified the Penal Code entered into force. An increase in the number of convictions after the entering into force of the Penal Code of 1978. The rate of convictions per 100,000 of the population in 1984 was 2'5 times higher than in 1952, but not much lower than the 1961 rate. The rise in crime in the recent years is also evident in the available data from the police and public prosecutor's statistics. The number of reported offences went up by one-third in the period 1965-1985 and has a constant upward trend. Among the offences reported most numerous are offences against property (about 60 per cent of all reported offences), traffic offences (about 12-13 per cent), offences against public order (hooliganism and parasitism in particular), and offences against person (about 7-8 per cent).  As compared with 1965, the number of burglaries was 3.5 times as big in the eighties, and the number of robberies - 7 . times. The number of traffic offences increased by over one-third as well. Also offences against person reveal a small upward trend, with the number of homicides being stable. However, the number of homicides in Hungary has for many years been considerably larger than the mean European figure (mean homicide rate per 100,000 of the population amounting to 3.8 in the years 1979--1983). The rise in crime concerned financial offences also (offences against the foreign currency exchange regulations, against customs regulations, tax offences) which are included in ,the group of offences against the national economy. The penal policy of the Hungarian courts has rather frequently been subject to spectacular transformations. In the early seventies, stabilization was achieved in this policy which manifested itself by a limited application of unconditional deprivation of liberty and by a broad use of fine and other measures not involving deprivation of liberty. However, the rise in crime in the eighties influenced a more frequent application of unconditional deprivation of liberty, which resulted in the growth of prison population. In 1979, the number of persons deprived of liberty amounted to 16,764 (157 per 100,000 of the population), while in 1984 the respective number was 21,884 (205 per 100.000 of the population). In Hungary, conditional suspension of the execution of the penalty of deprivation- of liberty is not as popular as in other European socialist countries. For every fifth convicted person, the execution of penalty is suspended. In 1973, the courts for the- first time passed a greater number of fines (48.8 per cent) than prison sentences (43.9 per cent). In the-following years, the share of fines in the structure of penalties even exceeded 50 per cent. However, after entering into force of the new Penal code, an unexpected drop in the number of fines took place things to the which was due among other fact that some of the  petty offences were removed from the Penal Code , and that a new penal measure without deprivation of liberty, i.e. probation, was introduced. In 1983, the share of fines dropped to 40 per cent of all sentences. The Hungarian courts were most reluctant to apply the penalty of corrective and educational work as soon as the penalty was introduced in 1950. For a dozen-odd years the share of this penalty in all penalties imposed never exceeded 10 per cent. After the 1961 Penal Code was introduced the penalty of corrective and educational work  showed an upward trend (up to 15,8 per cent in 1964), but later on started to fall up, to 4 per cent in 1983. In the years 1962 -1983. common courts sentenced 105 persons to death penalty, for qualified homicide in the vast majority of cases. Since 1968, this penalty has been applied exlusively towards the perpetrators of homicide. In 1984, the extent of reported crime in Hungary was similar to that found in Poland (1, 470 per 100,000 o0f the population); however, in Hungary the response to the rise in crime has been in general much more balanced and quiet.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1987, XIV; 43-95
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestępczość wielokrotnych recydywistów i stosowana wobec nich polityka karna
Crime among multi-recidivists, and penal policy towards them
Autorzy:
Siemaszko, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699076.pdf
Data publikacji:
1983
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
recydywista
stosowanie kar
polityka karna
przestępczość
więzienie
recidivist
application of penalties
criminal policy
criminality
prison
Opis:
         In Poland in recent  years, the number of people sentenced each year in what is know as „special multiple recidivism (Art.60 § 2) has been in the order of 1,500-1,700. This paragfaph of the Penal Code, which applies to offences against property and to acts of hooliganism, provides for a drastic stepping-up of penal Sanctions. Under the Penal Code, the minimum sentence for multi-recidivists in this category is two years' imprisonment, unless there are mitigating circumstances. Hence it may be concluded that the legislation regards this group of effenders as  constituting a specially serious danger to law and order. The sudy described below was designed to elucidate if that is really the case.       The subjects in this study were all multi-recidivists sentenced under this paragraph by the courts in five voivodships of Poland, in the years  1975 and 1976. Over  1,700 criminal cases brought against 131 persons were analysed. For technical reasoni, it was not possible to make a random sample. Nevertheless, if we take into consideration the fact that the subjects constituted 10%  of all multi-recidivists  convicted of special multiple recidivism within this period, as well as the fact that the main social and demographic data and the kinds of crimes committed by the multi-recidivists in our group are almost identical to such data in other investigations based on random samples, we can take it that the sample used in our study may be considered as representative of all the offenders convicted of  crimes in what is known as „specual multiple recidivism”.       The methods used was to analyse the court records and the data given in the register of convicted persons and in the register of prisoners. Efforfs were made to collect information from the records on all crimes committed by the recidivists in our group, right from the beginning of their criminal career.      The study fell into the following headings: 1) basic socio-demographic data, 2) crime record,         3) structure of offences committed, 4) effectiveness of penal measures used, 5) the penal policy adopted towards our subjects in different periods. Finally, conclusions drawn from the present study, as well asfrom other studies of multi-recidivism are presented.      Some basic characteristics of this group are as follows: The mean age of the subjects was 40, and their mean age at the time of the first conviction: 21. The percentage of multi-recidivists who began their criminal carrer being aged 25 and over was higher in this group than in other studies.      The educational level of the men in this group was much lower than that of the male manual workers employed in the public economy. Nearly  4O% of the subjects had no trade, and among those who did work, most of their jobs consisted of the simplest manual work not requiring any qualifications. Yet it was found that only about 40% of the subjects had worked regularly before their first conviction, and that nearly 39%o had never worked at all.       The average number of convictions per subject was 7. The mean length of prison sentence given was 31.9 months (that is, over  2.5 years), while the average stay in prison was 24.44 months, that is, just over two years.  Out of 922 sentences, 43.1%  did not exceed 18 months. The percentage of prison sentences of five years and over was only 6.6%. These facts may indicate that the offenders in this group had not committed serious crimes that were a real threat to law and order. But the sentences passed for the first two cases were statistically significantly lower than those imposed for later crimes. A similar statistically significant difference was noted as regards length of successive periods spent at liberty. After each period in prison, the periods at liberty became successively shorter. Nevertheless generally speaking the tempo of recidivism was very high in this group. Out of a total number of 818 periods spent in freedom,  11.4%  had a duration not exceeding a month, while 40%  did not exceed six months in duration. The percentage of periods of freedom that lasted for more than three years was barely 7.4% in this group.      As for the structure of offenies committed by the subjects in this group, offences against property dominated, for  85.9% of the total number of  1,784 offences committed were offences of this type, offences against the person 3.48%  of the total, offences against authority 3.48%, and offences against the family 1.23%. Theft of private property accounted for 50% of all the offences  committed by the recidivists in this group.  Serious crimes, such as rape, homicide, or robbery, constituted barely  2.2%  of all the offences committed by this group, and by far the most were robberies. But even robbery, regarded as a serious crime, formed a tiny percentage of all the offences committed, for out of the total numbet of 1,784 offences, 37 were robberies.      In more than 75% of the crimes against property, the sums obtained were no more than 5,000 zlotys, while in only 11%  of the total cases did the sum obtained exceed 10,000 zlotys .     Several methods were used to assess the effectiveness of imprisonment. The first method was to work out the correlation between the variable "time in prison”  and the variable "time at in freedom". This correlation turend out to be nearly 0 (r = 0.02). This means that we can reject the hypothesis that there is a positive connection between length of imprisonment and time spent in freedom. The second method was to study the length of time spent in freedom  after periods of imprisonment of various lengths: up to 6 months, from 7  to 12 month., from 1 to 2  years, from 2 to 3 years,  and 3 years and over. Here, too, there was no significant correlation (X2 = 5.10; df = 12), which is below the level of significance. The third method was to try to find out if there was a significant diffence in duration of freedom between the recidivists sentenced to terms  of up to 6 months, and those sentenced to three years and over. The aim of this method was to discover if what are regarded as long terms in prison are followed by longer terms in the outside world. In other words,  it would be interesting to know if long-term incarceration has a deterrent effect. In this case, too, no significant statistical defferences were found (X2 = O,32; dt= 3, which is below the level of significance). Thus it would  seem that in our group of subjects' length of time in prison had no effect at all on the tempo of recidivism. This was confirmed by analysis of the duration of the first stay in prison as compared with the subsequent  time spent in freedom:  (X2 = 2.80; df = 4, which is below the level of significance).       There have been more and more frequent assertions of late, that the Polish criminal justice system has becoming more  and more punitive. The present study tried to test whether these assertions are justified with reference to the  population of multi-recedivists. Hence the period 1948-1978 was divided into five stages more or less corresponding to different phases of penal policy in Poland. These stages are as follows: Period I (l948-1955), Period II (1956-1960), Period III ( 1961-1965), Period IV (1966-1969), and Period V (197O-1978). The next step was to determine the character of penal policy towards recidivists during these various stages. As regards the length of the first prison sentences, the t test for the significance of the differences between the means showed that the mean duration of prison sentences in Period I (which was a very punitive period) was significantly greater than the duration of sentences passed in Period II and III. On the other hand, the mean duration of sentences passed in Periods I and IV showed no significant difference. This means that from the high figure un the "Stalin era”, the mean length of first prison sentences fell sharply in the next decade (especially in the „post October 1956" period), after which it gradually rose again, till in the period 1966-1969 it had reached a level not much lower than that of the "Stalin era". A similar analysis was made  of the second prison sentences meted out. Our findings were that during the whole time under review there were no drastic changes of penal policy towards persons previously sentenced. (None of the differences between the means representing the duration of second prison sentences were statistically significant). The highest mean length of prison sentences  was noted in Period I. There was a sharp fall in Period II, followed again by a gradual rise, until Period V, when length of sentence again was nearly as great as in Period I. Since similar results were obtained when the means of the length of third prison sentences in the various periods were compared, as well as the  means for the length of all sentences meted out in all five periods (here the tendency we have been discussing was particularly evident), the hypothesis as to the steadily increasing punitive character of the punitive justice system in Poland would seem to be borne out by the evidence.          Use of the means has this drawback: that with the exception of the standard deviation we have no other information about the sentences coming into different duration categories. For this reason we carried out an extra test, which consisted in comparing the distribution of sentences in the same five periods, but in categories with sentences of up to 1 year, from 1 year to 2 years, and sentences of two years and over. Here, too, the same tendency was found (X2=119.19;  df = 8; p<0.01).          The following conclusions were reached as a result of this study. The principles behind the paragraph of the Penal Code which deals with special multiple recidivism, and the construction of that paragraph, are wrong. Instead of being aimed maiunly at the perpetrators of serious crimes against person, as well as serious crimes against property, this paragraph in actual fact affects the perpretators of petty or very petty offences against property. On the whole these are habitual petty thieves, who offer no real serious threat to law and order. The result is that in the practice of punitive justice system even a very petty theft comitted in conditions of special multiple recidivism leads to a long term of  imprisonment. The consequence is that it also leads to a formal increase of recidivism, for if the law were different, the case could be discontinued or suspended. Hence Art. 60 § 2 of the Penal Code should definitely be abrogated.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1983, X; 23-54
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Postępowanie z dorosłymi i nieletnimi sprawcami czynów naruszających wolność seksualną – wybrane problemy
Policy towards adult and juvenile perpetrators violating sexual freedom: Selected problems
Autorzy:
Błońska, Barbara
Gruszczyńska, Beata
Witkowska-Rozpara, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26917576.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
przestępczość seksualna
polityka karna
rejestr sprawców przestępstw seksualnych
sexual crime
criminal policy
sex offenders register
Opis:
W ciągu ostatnich kilkunastu lat polityka karna wobec sprawców przestępstw seksualnych uległa zaostrzeniu. Ustawodawca zwiększył sankcje wobec sprawców takich czynów, wprowadził także ograniczenie w stosowaniu wobec nich środków takich jak zawieszenie wykonania kary czy też zatarcie skazania. Jednocześnie do systemu wprowadzono szereg instytucji zajmujących się przestępcami seksualnymi, takich jak Państwowa Komisja do spraw wyjaśniania przypadków czynności skierowanych przeciwko wolności seksualnej i obyczajności wobec małoletniego poniżej lat 15, czy Rejestr Sprawców Przestępstw na Tle Seksualnym, których celem jest nadzór i kontrola sprawców.W artykule przeanalizowana zostanie polityka prowadzona wobec dwóch grup sprawców: dorosłych i nieletnich, którzy dopuścili się różnych form naruszenia wolności seksualnej. Po wprowadzeniu przedstawiającym przestępczość seksualną w ujęciu ilościowym, omówione zostaną sankcje stosowane wobec dorosłych oraz środki wychowawcze orzekane wobec nieletnich: posłużą one ocenie, czy w istocie należy mówić o konsekwentnej i surowej polityce w obszarze zwalczania przestępczości seksualnej.Szczególna uwaga poświęcona będzie rejestrowi sprawców przestępstw seksualnych, jako instytucji stosowanej – wyjątkowo – i wobec nieletnich, i sprawców dorosłych. Przedstawione zostaną problemy w funkcjonowaniu rejestru, zwłaszcza w przypadku nieletnich, a także problemy natury procesowej ujawnione w pierwszych 5 latach jego działania. W podsumowaniu uwag zakreślony zostanie z kolei kierunek dalszych badań, które – w ocenie autorek – pozwolą na ustalenie oczekiwań ofiar przestępstw seksualnych wobec polityki karnej.
In the past few years, the penal policy against sex offenders has become more strict and harsh. The sanctions against the perpetrators of such acts have been increased, while measures such as suspended sentences or removal of convictions have been limited. At the same time, a number of institutions dedicated to sex offenders have been introduced to the system, such as the State Commission investigating paedophilia cases or the register of sex offenders, the purpose of which is to supervise and control the perpetrators.The article discusses the public policy towards two groups of perpetrators: both adults and minors who have committed various forms of violation of sexual freedom. After an introduction presenting sexual crimes in quantitative terms, the sanctions against adults and the educational measures imposed against minors are discussed. They are used to assess whether the policy for combating acts that violate sexual freedom is consistent and strict.Particular attention is paid to the sex offenders register as an institution used – exceptionally – both against juveniles and adult offenders. Selected problems in the functioning of the register will be presented, especially in the case of minors, as well as procedural shortcomings revealed in the first five years of its operation.In the summary, the direction of further research will be outlined, which – in the authors’ opinion – will help determine the expectations of victims of sexual crimes regarding criminal policy.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny; 2022, 29; 67-96
2084-5375
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 37

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