Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "boiling" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 73
Tytuł:
Thermomechanical Homogenization in Steam Explosion
Autorzy:
Pavlenkо, Anatoliy
Koshlak, Hanna
Basok, Borys
Hrabova, Tatiana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27315740.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
steam explosion
homogenisation
boiling
Opis:
A steam explosion results from intense heat transfer when a thermolabile liquid phase comes into contact with a hot liquid. As a result of such contact, microdispersed fragmentation of a high-boiling liquid occurs. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the thermomechanical crushing process, considering the formation of a vapour layer at the interface between two phases and the force interaction concerning several simultaneously boiling particles of the dispersed phase.
Źródło:
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2023, 25; 9--15
1506-218X
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pressure drop and temperature uniformity during flow boiling of refrigerant R245fa in microchannels
Autorzy:
Sandler, Stanisław
Zajączkowski, Bartosz
Białko, Bogusław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1818156.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
flow boiling
microchannel
refrigerant
Opis:
Cooling computer processors (CPUs) requires dissipating heat from small heat transfer areas. This results in high heat flux densities to be rejected from the microprocessor. Flow boiling in microchannels receives much attention as a potential solution for CPU cooling. It is characterized by high heat transfer coefficients and requires less working fluid inventory than air-based solutions. However, large pressure drop occurs during phase transition. Moreover, CPU cooling system should provide wall temperature uniformity of the cooled component. Heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop and microprocessor wall temperature depend on microchannel geometry, thermophysical properties of refrigerant, and saturation temperature at which the process is held. This paper focuses on studying pressure drop and temperature uniformity of 40 X 40 mm microchannel evaporator with R245fa as a working fluid. The analysed heat flux density is 80 kW/m2 and the vapor quality change along the heat exchanger is 0.2. The study covers saturation temperatures ranging from 30 to 70°С and microchannel diameters varying between 0.35 and 2 mm. Results of the analysis show that the heat transfer coefficient and wall temperature uniformity increase with increasing saturation temperature and decreasing hydraulic diameter. The maximum and minimum observed non-uniformities were 2.58 and 0.69 K, respectively. Decreasing hydraulic diameter increases pressure losses in the micro-evaporator. The observed pressure drop ranged from 38 to 3753 Pa. Saturation temperature has negligible impact on pressure drop.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Energetyczne; 2017, 4; 1--12
2658-0799
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Energetyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of unsteady boiling during high-temperatured body dipping in water
Autorzy:
Badur, J.
Bryk, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/175170.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
boiling
high temperature
fluid
Opis:
In this paper, the analysis of sudden water phase change during high-temperature metal body dipping is presented. According to that purpose, the computational fluid dynamic analysis has been carried out. The nonstationarity and behavior of sudden water phase change has been examined. The calculation model consists of the solid domain (vessel and high-temperature metal) and fluid domain (liquid filling vessel). The metal body insertion to the fluid domain was obtained by the use of dynamic mesh. Special case of the dipping velocity, the metal body of temperature 723 K and fluid temperature 288 K. was examined. Moving on to calculations, the model containing basic conservation equation, expanded of turbulence and liquid evaporation equations has been used.
Źródło:
Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery; 2017, 138; 75-88
0079-3205
Pojawia się w:
Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fenomenologiczna ocena tworzenia się struktur wodno-olejowych podczas wrzenia w objętości
Phenomenological assessment of water-oil patterns formed during pool boiling
Autorzy:
Troniewski, L.
Filipczak, G.
Witczak, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2070619.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
wrzenie w objętości
struktury wrzenia
wnikanie ciepła
pool boiling
boiling patterns
heat transfer
Opis:
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań i analiz dotyczących warunków wnikania ciepła podczas wrzenia mieszaniny cieczy wzajemnie nierozpuszczalnych. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono w dużej objętości i pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym, wykorzystując jako czynniki robocze wodę oraz oleje o różnych właściwościach. Scharakteryzowano warunki wnikania ciepła przy różnej zawartości obu składników mieszaniny.
Experimental results of heat transfer during pool boiling of two immiscible liquids are presented. The experiments were carried out under atmospheric pressure. Water and various oil mixtures were used as working liquids. The conditions of heat transfer for a different content of both liquids in the mixture were characterized.
Źródło:
Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna; 2009, 6; 188-189
0368-0827
Pojawia się w:
Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Turbulent heat transfer in thin liquid films at low and high heat fluxes
Turbulentna wymiana ciepła w cienkich filmach cieczowych przy małych i dużych strumieniach ciepła
Autorzy:
Mikielewicz, D.
Mikielewicz, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/279216.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej
Tematy:
blowing velocity
impinging jet
nucleate boiling
Opis:
In the paper presented are considerations of turbulent heat transfer in thin liquid films at low and high heat fluxes. Postulated have been simple models of heat transfer for laminar and turbulent liquid films formed by impinging jets and exposed to nucleate boiling, namely under high heat fluxes, as well as without nucleate boiling, at low heat fluxes, as a simplified case. Turbulence in such case is strongly modified and difficult to be modelled. Turbulence model due to Prandtl has been applied where, in the case of high heat fluxes, the mixing length is strongly modified. In the case of high heat fluxes, incorporated into the model is a blowing velocity, which models the transverse transport of momentum caused by departing bubbles. Calculated have been the velocity and temperature distributions in the liquid film, which enabled determination of the corresponding heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number.
W pracy przedstawiono rozwiązanie turbulentnej wymiany ciepła w cienkich filmach cieczowych przy małych i dużych strumieniach ciepła. Zaproponowano proste modele wymiany ciepła dla przypadków laminarnego i turbulentnego filmu cieczowego wytworzonego uderzającą strugą w warunkach dużych i małych strumieni cieplnych. W takich przypadkach turbulencja jest silnie modyfikowana i z tego względu trudna do modelowania. W pracy zastosowano model drogi mieszania Prandtla i w przypadku dużych strumieni cieplnych droga mieszania jest szczególnie mocno zmodyfikowana. W przypadku dużych strumieni ciepła wprowadzono do modelu tzw. prędkość wzdmuchu, która modeluje wymianę pędu w kierunku poprzecznym do przepływu wywołaną odrywającymi się od ścianki pęcherzykami. Wyznaczono rozkłady prędkości i temperatury w filmie cieczowym, które umożliwiły wyliczenie współczynnika przejmowania ciepła i liczby Nusselta.
Źródło:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; 2007, 45, 3; 603-619
1429-2955
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Energy saving using heat exchangers covered with porous coatings
Oszczędność energii przez zastosowanie wymienników ciepła z pokryciem porowatym
Autorzy:
Wójcik, T. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/402370.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Politechnika Świętokrzyska w Kielcach. Wydawnictwo PŚw
Tematy:
wrzenie
powłoki porowate
boiling
porous coatings
Opis:
Exploitation of technical devices is always related to the energy consumption. Thus, if more efficient heat exchangers are used as part of mechanical systems, it is possible to save energy. The paper presents possible ways of producing more efficient heat transfer surfaces working under the nucleate boiling mode. When porous coverings are used, significant reduction of temperature differences is noticed at the same heat flux. It leads to higher energy efficiency.
Źródło:
Structure and Environment; 2010, 2. no. 3; 35-39
2081-1500
Pojawia się w:
Structure and Environment
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An investigation into the influence of different parameters on the onset of boiling in minichannels
Autorzy:
Piasecka, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240757.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
inicjacja wrzenia
przepływ wrzenia
wymiana ciepła
flow boiling
heat transfer
Incipience (onset) of boiling
Opis:
The paper presents experimental studies on boiling heat transfer in rectangular minichannels. The investigations focus on the transition from single phase forced convection to nucleate boiling, i.e., in the zone of boiling incipience. The experiment has been carried out with FC-72, R-123 and R-11 at the Reynolds number below 4700, corresponding to mass flow rate range 95-710 kg/(m s). The main part of the test section is a minichannel of pre-set depth from 0.7 to 2 mm and width (20, 40 and 60 mm), with different spatial orientations from vertical to horizontal and 30% inclination angle adjustment. The objective of the paper includes the impact of selected parameters (liquid flow velocity, pressure and inlet liquid subcooling, channel dimensions and spatial orientation) on the boiling incipience in minichannels. The investigations are intended to develop a correlation for the calculations of the Nusselt number under the conditions of boiling incipience in the minichannel as a function of changeable parameters.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2012, 33, 4; 67-90
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Survey on the nucleate pool boiling of hydrogen and its limits
Autorzy:
Baki, Touhami
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819187.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
hydrogen
boiling
onset nucleate boiling
critical heat flux
correlation
wodór
wrzenie
krytyczny strumień ciepła
korelacja
Opis:
Nucleate pool boiling is a very efficient transfer regime with low temperature gradients, bounded between two heat flux values and which border transitions to other regimes, this phenomenon is well framed with correlations. Our study aims to clarify the applicability of this regime to liquid hydrogen and to develop reliable correlations for a useful and qualitative agreement. An exhaustive review on the nucleate pool boiling of hydrogen and the limits of this regime, whether are the onset nucleate boiling (ONB) and the critical heat flux (CHF) was made, allowing the collection of more than 1400 points from experimental setups, highlighting a variety of parameters. Five predictive correlations were drawn from the literature, graphical and statistical comparisons were made, two in five reveal acceptable results. After analysis of the experimental data, new correlations were developed and compared with the data collected, convincing results were obtained and discussed. A simple form was expressed for the heat flux (…) = 550 . , shows better predicted values; convincing results of the (CHF) have been found on modified correlation, and the CHF value reaches a maximum of 148×103 W/m² for a reduced pressure at 0.35. A nucleate boiling correlation suitable for hydrogen has been developed.
Źródło:
Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering; 2020, 4, 2; 157--166
2544-0780
2544-1671
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Constraints on ore formation conditions at the Mazra’eh Shadi epithermal deposit, NE Tabriz, Iran : evidences from geochemistry, sulphur isotope, quartz textures and fluid inclusion studies
Autorzy:
Radmard, Kaikhosrov
Zamanian, Hassan
Hosseinzadeh, Mohammad Reza
Khalaji, Ahmad Ahmadi
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2058675.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
Mazra’eh Shadi
alteration
intense boiling
supersaturation
Opis:
The Mazra'eh Shadi deposit is one of the most representative gold deposits in the Ahar-Arasbaran Belt. The main minerals are galena, sphalerite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. Concentrations of Au-Ag occur mainly within quartz veins. Five textures (crustiform, comb, microcrystalline, cockade, and mosaic) are distinguished by field reconnaissance and hand specimen observations. The δ34S values suggest an increasing role of meteoric water from the deepest levels to the shallow level and surface. Fluid inclusion data show that the mineralisation at the Mazra'eh Shadi deposit can be classified as a volcanic-rock-hosted intermediate-sulphidation epithermal deposit. Fluid inclusions in vein quartz can be distinctly divided into three types according to interpretation of petrographic features: intense boiling, gentle boiling and non-boiling conditions. The presence of intense and gentle boiling among different substages at the same level in the Mazra'eh Shadi deposit indicates that the base of the boiling zone likely shifted upward and downward during vein formation. The concentrations of Au-Ag occur mainly within quartz veins in the shallow level with gentle boiling (max. 813 ppb Au) and with intense boiling (max. 2420 ppb Au), whereas lower Au-Ag concentrations are associated with base metal-rich (Pb-Zn) in the deepest levels with non-boiling fluids (max. 52 ppb Au).
Źródło:
Geological Quarterly; 2019, 63, 2; 230--247
1641-7291
Pojawia się w:
Geological Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Adjustment calculus and Trefftz functions applied to local heat transfer coefficient determination in a minichannel
Zastosowanie rachunku wyrównawczego i funkcji Trefftza do wyznaczenia lokalnego współczynnika przejmowania ciepła w minikanale
Autorzy:
Grysa, K.
Hożejowska, S.
Maciejewska, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/281729.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej
Tematy:
flow boiling
liquid crystals
heat transfer coefficient
Opis:
The paper presents results of numerical calculations conducted in order to define the heat transfer coefficient in flow boiling in a vertical minichannel with one side made of a heating foil with liquid crystals. During the experiment, we measured the local temperature of the foil, inlet and outlet liquid temperature and pressure, current and voltage drop of the electric power supplied to the heater. Local measurements of foil temperature were approximated with a linear combination of the Trefftz functions. The known temperature measurement errors allowed application of the adjustment calculus. The foil temperature distribution was determined by the FEM combined with the Trefftz functions. Local heat transfer coefficients between the foil and the boiling fluid were calculated from the third-kind condition.
Przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń numerycznych przeprowadzonych w celu określenia współczynnika przejmowania ciepła przy przepływie wrzącej cieczy w pionowym minikanale, którego jedna ściana wykonana jest z folii grzewczej pokrytej ciekłymi kryształami. Podczas eksperymentu mierzono: lokalną temperaturę folii, temperaturę cieczy na wlocie i wylocie z minikanału, ciśnienie cieczy w minikanale oraz spadek natężenia i napięcia prądu stałego dostarczanej do folii grzewczej. Lokalne pomiary temperatury folii aproksymowano kombinacją liniową funkcji Trefftza. Znane błędy pomiaru temperatury pozwoliły na stosowanie rachunku wyrównawczego. Rozkład temperatury folii został określony przy zastosowaniu MES w powiązaniu z funkcjami Trefftza. Lokalne współczynniki wymiany ciepła pomiędzy folią i wrzącym płynem zostały wyliczone z warunku trzeciego rodzaju.
Źródło:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; 2012, 50, 4; 1087-1096
1429-2955
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer from small horizontal smooth tube bundles
Autorzy:
Krasowski, K.
Cieśliński, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/175416.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
boiling heat transfer
smooth tube bundle
Opis:
Measurements of boiling heat transfer coefficients in water, methanol and refrigerant R141b are reported for the bundles of smooth tubes that represent a portion of a flooded-type evaporator. Each bundle contained 19 instrumented, electrically heated tubes in a staggered triangular-pitch layout. The effect of heat flux, tube pitch and operating pressure is studied in the paper. Bundle factor and bundle effect are discussed as well. A correlation for prediction of a bundle average heat transfer coefficient is proposed.
Źródło:
Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery; 2011, 123; 85-97
0079-3205
Pojawia się w:
Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical investigation of pool nucleate boiling in nanofluid with lattice Boltzmann method
Autorzy:
Rostamzadeh, A.
Jafarpur, K.
Rad, E. G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949317.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej
Tematy:
pool boiling
nanofluid
lattice Boltzmann method
heat transfer
Opis:
Due to significant improvement of thermal performance and other properties of nanofluids, this group of liquids is in high demand. According to the literature, the effect of nanoparticles on boiling heat transfer enhancement or degradation is not the same among different investigations. In the present article, the pseudo-potential multiphase lattice Boltzmann method is used to simulate nucleate pool boiling with two different fluids: a pure liquid and a nanofluid. The current results indicate that the contact angle is the same for both the fluid and nanofluid when the vapor bubble detachment occurs. Also, bubble departure diameter is greater in the base liquid while bubble release frequency is higher in the nanofluid. In brief, the present results demonstrate that using a nanofluid instead of its base fluid will increase the boiling heat transfer coefficient.
Źródło:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; 2016, 54, 3; 811-825
1429-2955
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Boiling in micro-channels
Autorzy:
Hetsroni, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/199886.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
micro-channel
boiling
pressure drop
heat transfer
fluctuation
Opis:
Boiling heat transfer in micro-channels is a subject of intense academic and practical interest. Though many heat transfer correlations have been proposed, most were empirically formulated from experimental data. However, hydrodynamic and thermal aspects of boiling in micro-channels are not well understood. Moreover, there are only a few theoretical models that link the heat transfer mechanism with flow regimes in micro-channels. Also, there are discrepancies between different sets of published results, and heat transfer coefficients have either well exceeded, or fallen far below, those predicted for conventional channels. Here we consider these problems with regard to micro-channels with hydraulic diameters ranging roughly from 5 ěm to 500 ěm, to gain a better understanding of the distinct properties of the measurement techniques and uncertainties, the conditions under which the experimental results should be compared to analytical or numerical predictions, boiling phenomenon, as well as different types of micro-channel heat sinks. Two-phase flow maps and heat transfer prediction methods for vaporization in macro-channels are not applicable in micro-channels, because surface tension dominates the phenomena, rather than gravity forces. The models of convection boiling should correlate the frequencies, sizes and velocities of the bubbles and the coalescence processes, which control the flow pattern transitions, together with the heat flux and the mass flux. Therefore, the vapour bubble size distribution must be taken into account. The flow pattern in parallel micro-channels is quite different from that in a single micro-channel. At same values of heat and mass flux, different, time dependent, flow regimes occur in a given micro-channel. At low vapour quality, heat flux causes a sudden release of energy into the vapour bubble, which grows rapidly and occupies the entire channel cross section. The rapid bubble growth pushes the liquid-vapour interface on both caps of the vapour bubble, at the upstream and the downstream ends, and leads to a reverse flow. We term this phenomenon as explosive boiling. One of the limiting operating conditions with flow boiling is the critical heat flux (CHF). The CHF phenomenon is different from that observed in conventional size channels.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2010, 58, 1; 155-163
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determination of dryout localization using a five-equation model of annular flow for boiling in minichannels
Autorzy:
Wajs, J.
Mikielewicz, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240697.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
dryout
flow boiling
minichannels
osuszanie
wymiana ciepła
minikanał
Opis:
Detailed studies have suggested that the critical heat flux in the form of dryout in minichannels occurs when the combined effects of entrainment, deposition, and evaporation of the film make the film flow rate go gradually and smoothly to zero. Most approaches so far used the mass balance equation for the liquid film with appropriate formulations for the rate of deposition and entrainment respectively. It must be acknowledged that any discrepancy in determination of deposition and entrainment rates, together with cross-correlations between them, leads to the loss of accuracy of model predictions. Conservation equations relating the primary parameters are established for the liquid film and vapor core. The model consists of three mass balance equations, for liquid in the film as well as two-phase core and the gas phase itself. These equations are supplemented by the corresponding momentum equations for liquid in the film and the two-phase core. Applicability of the model has been tested on some experimental data.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2017, 38, 1; 123-139
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Thermal stresses in the heated wall of the minichannel
Autorzy:
Błasiak, S.
Musiał, T.
Piasecka, M.
Strąk, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/114583.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
thermal stress
distortion
minichannel
heat transfer
boiling
Opis:
This paper deals with thermal deformations of the heating foil in a heat exchanger with a rectangular minichannel. Flow boiling heat transfer was achieved to maximize the heat transfer coefficient. As confirmed by the experiments, the deformations resulting from the thermal expansion of the heating foil led to local narrowing of the channel, and consequently distorted flow and less effective heat transfer.
Źródło:
Measurement Automation Monitoring; 2016, 62, 1; 22-25
2450-2855
Pojawia się w:
Measurement Automation Monitoring
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 73

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies