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Tytuł:
An Authoritarian Advance or Creating Room for Manoeuvre? The Case of Hungarys China Policy
Autorzy:
Salát, Gergely
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2092260.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
China-CEE
Opis:
Hungary is one of the most active proponents of cooperation with China in Europe. Sino-Hungarian political relations are thriving and Hungary participates enthusiastically in activities related to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 17+1, and other Chinese initiatives. Hungary is regularly pictured in Western media as an advocate of Chinese interests and a Trojan Horse for China in the old continent. The Chinese influence in Hungary, however, is overestimated, and data shows that China plays a very limited role in Hungarian affairs. It is true that Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's government frequently makes friendly gestures towards China, but this reflects the ambitions and calculations of the Hungarian side more than China's efforts to build up influence. This article discusses the context, the motivations, and the aims of Hungary with regard to China and the BRI in order to assess the real impact of Chinese ties with the country.
Źródło:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2020, 56, 2; 125-143
0209-0961
Pojawia się w:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Introduction: Migration and Mobility in the Context of Post-Communist Transition in Central and Eastern Europe
Autorzy:
Górny, Agata
Kaczmarczyk, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/498701.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
migration
transition
CEE
Opis:
This special section opens a two-part collection of articles, to be published in two consecutive issues of CEEMR in 2019, looking at various aspects of migration from and into CEE that address the links between mobility and political and economic transition in the region. Its goal is to discuss, on the one hand, the contribution of the migration research conducted in CEE to the broader migration literature and, on the other, to demonstrate region-specific topics. An important inspiration for the preparation of this issue is the 25th anniversary of the Centre of Migration Research (CMR) at the University of Warsaw; this is accompanied by some reflections on how migration studies have developed in Poland and other CEE countries during these years of transition. Since the very beginning, the idea that guided research conducted in the CMR was to analyse migration in a broad socio-economic context and to develop cooperation with the best international teams of migration scholars. Therefore, for this special collection, we invited contributions which demonstrate the development of scientific collaboration between CMR researchers and outstanding European and non-European scholars, as well as articles by international researchers from all over Europe which focus on specific migration topics intersecting with post-communist transition in the CEE region.
Źródło:
Central and Eastern European Migration Review; 2019, 8, 1; 5-8
2300-1682
Pojawia się w:
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Leaders, Managers or Administrators – Mayors in Central and Eastern European Countries
Autorzy:
Tybuchowska-Hartlińska, Karolina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594592.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Local Government
CEE Countries
Mayors
Opis:
This paper is the first step to fill a gap in the studies on the position of mayors in European local government systems. The first part of the paper will be devoted to critical analysis of theoretical and methodological studies on the position and selection of mayors. The second part will focus on verifying the proposed hypotheses. In the conclusions, an attempt will be made to present a profile of local democracy in CEE countries.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2019, 1 (48); 155-161
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Системная трансформация посткоммунистических стран Центральной и Восточной Европы: российские и украинские исследования в ХХI ст.
Autorzy:
Брусиловская, Ольга
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/944319.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
CEE
systemic transformation
political science
Opis:
The research topic follows, firstly, from the fact that there is a need to examine the scientific schools of the 21st century. Secondly, the general tendency towards the re-ideologization of political science requires a critical interpretation of the state of affairs in the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Thirdly, in Ukraine and in the countries that are its allies, the theoretical analysis of historiography should be particularly helpful in offering a more clear definition of the former and current ideological positions of the aggressor country (the Russian Federation). The article compares the Russian and Ukrainian schools of political science, which have explored the impact on CEE of such actors as the EU, NATO, the USA, and Germany, as well as the economic, political, and ideological components of the systemic transformation.
Źródło:
Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne; 2018, 4; 113-134
1731-7517
Pojawia się w:
Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Determinants of Export Performance of Firms in Selected MENA Countries: Comparison with CEE Countries, Israel and Turkey
Autorzy:
Cieślik, Andrzej
Michałek, Jan Jakub
Tovias, Alfred
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1357589.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-03-21
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
export performance
MENA
CEE
probit
Opis:
In this paper, we study the export performance determinants of firms in selected MENA countries, both jointly and separately, as well as compare them with the performance of firms from countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The analysis is based on information about individual firms found in the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and World Bank Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) V database, covering the period 2011-2014. We estimate the probability of exports, while controlling for country- and sector-specific effects, using the probit model. We find that, in both groups of countries, similar variables affect firm export performance. Our empirical results obtained for Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and CEE countries indicate that the probability of exporting is positively related to the level of productivity, firm size, spending on research and development (R&D), the share of university graduates in productive employment and the internationalization of firms. State ownership and the perception of corruption by firms are mostly not statistically significant. The results obtained for the two groups of countries are statistically not very different, but enough to have some policy implications, while results for particular countries and subgroups of countries reveal a large degree of heterogeneity.
Źródło:
Central European Economic Journal; 2017, 2, 49; 4 - 22
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:
Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Application of the Perkal method for assessing competitiveness of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe
Autorzy:
Kruk, Hanna
Waśniewska, Anetta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/18797192.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
competitiveness
CEE economies
Perkal method
Opis:
Research background: The changes that took place in the late twentieth century led to the transformation of the political system in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). As a result, there has been an increase in the competitiveness of some of the economies among the CEE states. Due to different priorities and goals, these countries are also characterized by different levels in socio-economic development. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify the determinants affecting the competitiveness among the selected CEE countries. Methods: Based on Eurostat data, a set of determinants affecting competitiveness was established. A number of determinants have been eliminated in relation to the variation coefficient. At the same time, a classification of the level of competitiveness among the CEE countries has been made by using the Perkal method. The analysis used 14 selected indicators, 10 of which are considered as stimulating, and 4 as deteriorating the competitiveness of national economies. The result led to obtaining a synthetic level indicator of potential of the CEE countries. Findings & Value added: Following the findings of the conducted analysis, the highest economic competitiveness exists in Estonia and in the Czech Republic, while the lowest was found in Romania and Bulgaria. The results of the evaluation obtained with the Perkal method concerning the competitiveness of the CEE countries that belong to the EU are largely consistent with those presented in different global competitiveness rankings. However, the method applied in this article seems much simpler and less time-consuming, allowing at the same time an optimal choice of analytical determinants. The selected linear Pearson correlation?s coefficient confirmed that there is a strong positive relationship between the designated values of the synthetic indicator of competitiveness and the GDP per capita. This confirms the validity of test method used.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2017, 8, 3; 337-352
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Competitiveness, fiscal policy and corruption: evidence from Central and Eastern European countries
Autorzy:
Tiganasu, Ramona
Pascariu, Gabriela
Lupu, Dan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19322582.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
competitiveness
fiscal policy
corruption
CEE countries
Opis:
Research background: The transformations induced by global challenges call for new approaches towards competitiveness and thus require a consistent rethinking of strategies and mechanisms so that they could be better adapted to the constantly changing context. Prior to the European Union (EU) accession, the Central and Eastern European (CEE) states began a broad process of economic reforms, including trade liberalization, mass privatization, exchange rate liberalization, all of which led to a wider opening to new markets, the creation of new opportunities for production and to ensuring the competitiveness of companies on foreign markets. By far, the most important step in the post-communist period was joining the EU, achieved after 2004. Over time, these states have faced, on the one hand, issues related to addressing systemic vulnerabilities, and on the other hand, finding the most appropriate measures to induce competitiveness. The influence of public policies on competitiveness is still an issue that needs to be debated, our study proposing to examine the reaction of external competitiveness to the increase of government spending and corruption. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of fiscal policies and corruption on the external competitiveness of the eleven countries from Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) for the period 1995-2020. The choice of this time interval is to better capture the trinomial relationship between competitiveness, fiscal policy and corruption before and after the process of integration of the CEE states into the EU. Methods: The methodology chosen is based on ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) with structural breaks, the period taken into account being 1995-2020. The Unit root  test  of  augmented Dickey-Fuller ADF  (2016) was used  to  assess  the  time  series  stationarity. The test developed by Bai and Perron (2003) is applied to detect structural breaks, by resorting to the LM test. The tests for the cointegration between the considered variables, using the ARDL model, proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001), were also part of the research. The causality test of Granger et al. (2000) was used to assess the conditionality between the indicators. By applying these methods, it was highlighted that, especially after 2007, in the states under analysis, expansionary fiscal policies have led to internal devaluations of the currency, which ultimately increased external competitiveness, measured as real effective exchange rate. Instead, corruption has a negative impact on competitiveness. Findings & value added: The obtained results point out the relationship between competitiveness, fiscal policy and corruption in CEE countries. In the case of those that have a high competitiveness, even if there are large government expenditures, there is also an economic environment conducive to the implementation of measures that generate added value on a large scale. Conversely, in countries where corruption is high, the impact of government fiscal policies on competitiveness is reduced due to the negative effects caused by this phenomenon. Our study brings at least two contributions to the literature. First of all, the research shows how a growth in public spending affects the competitiveness of CEE economies through the real exchange rate. Secondly, it takes into account the phenomenon of corruption applied to Eastern countries, emphasizing a decrease in the external competitiveness of these economies in response to the manifestation of corruption.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2022, 13, 3; 667-698
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of the 2008 crisis on the banking sectors of the CEE-11 countries: Multi Level Performance (MLP) score as a synthetic measure of bank risk adjusted performance
Wpływ kryzysu finansowego z roku 2008 na sektory bankowe krajów EŚW – MLP Score jako syntetyczna miara efektywności skorygowanej o ryzyko
Autorzy:
Miklaszewska, Ewa
Kil, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/425030.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
CEE banking
bank performance
MLP Score
Opis:
The aim of this paper was to analyze the long term impact of the 2007-2009 global financial crisis on the banking sectors of CEE countries, in particular in analyzing the consequences of the crisis on bank stability, efficiency and lending policies. Analyzing bank performance and stability, the paper suggests adding a new analytical tool in analyzing risk-adjusted performance: the Multi Level Performance (MLP) Score. The 2008 crisis has illustrated how devastating for the economy the credit crunch could be and how important anti-cyclical lending is for both consumers and businesses. Consequently, in the empirical section the paper analyzes whether the overall performance of the CEE banking sectors, measured, among others, by the MLP Score, was important for loan growth. For the empirical analysis, the paper uses an adjusted dataset on eleven Central and East European Countries (CEE), members of the EU, based on the Bankscope database, employing panel data models for unconsolidated banking data for the 2004-2014 period.
Źródło:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2015, 4 (50); 126-141
1507-3866
Pojawia się w:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The CEE countries’ first decade of EU membership: from policy-takers towards agenda-setters?
Autorzy:
Schweiger, Christian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/473244.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
CEE countries
European Union
financial crisis
transformation
Opis:
The accession of the group of eight post-communist Central and Eastern European mem- ber states who joined in 2004 marked a historic watershed in the development of the European Union. The subsequent enlargements in 2004 represented the biggest expansion of the EU’s membership base since the beginning of the institutionalised process of insti- tutional European integration after the end of WW2. Even more importantly however, it constituted the official end of more than four decades in which the European continent had been artificially divided into two ideological and military blocs by the Cold War. This article concentrates on the 2004 enlargement and analyses how the CEE-8 group has integrated into the EU’s institutional and policy acquis over the past decade. In this respect the impact of the global financial crisis of 2008–09 represents a major challenge for the countries of the region in their ongoing political, economic and social transforma- tion since the fall of communism. The paper examines to what extent the CEE countries have managed to tackle the multiple challenges of the post-communist transition and which factors have determined their status as predominantly passive policy-takers. Special emphasis is put on the impact of the 2008–09 global financial crisis, which poses the risk of backsliding the CEE’s domestic political and economic transition process and growing alienation from the increasingly complex new coordinative EU policy mechanisms. The article also considers the potential future role of the semi-institutionalised cooperation amongst the Visegrád 4 group (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) in effec- tively promoting the interests of the wider CEE region in the EU. The main challenge in this respect lies in the persistent diversity of national interests and varying levels of com- mitment towards transnational cooperation amongst the V4 and the wider CEE group. This especially applies to the regional leader Poland, which has been torn between the ambition to intensify regional cooperation and the desire to become a leading player in the EU alongside France and Germany.
Źródło:
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje; 2015, 31(4); 99-118
1640-1808
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
East–West Mobility Space – The Role of Different Types of Capitals in Moving or Staying Put
Autorzy:
Saar, Maarja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48806608.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
immobility
staying put
CEE
types of capital
Opis:
This article examines the mobility patterns in East–West movement within Europe and challenges the prevailing perception that migration is an act of agency while staying put is seen as having a lack of agency. It argues that staying put can also involve extensive strategies and should be recognised as an active choice. The article utilises Bourdieu’s three types of capital (economic, social and cultural) to understand the strategies employed in both staying put and successful migration. It suggests that individuals can compensate for the absence of one type of capital by leveraging another type; however, it also suggests that, in order to understand mobility space between CEE and Nordic countries, the presence of formalised welfare provision in Nordic countries is an important aspect. The focus of the article is on single mothers, who are considered to be one of the most vulnerable groups in Central and Eastern European societies. Based on 25 interviews with Estonian single mothers, the article suggests that migration often occurs due to a lack of alternative options.
Źródło:
Central and Eastern European Migration Review; 2023, 12, 2; 153-167
2300-1682
Pojawia się w:
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Nexus between Improvements in Economic Freedom and Growth: Evidence from CEE Countries in Transition
Autorzy:
Gurgul, Henryk
Lach, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/483259.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
economic growth
economic freedom
CEE transition economies
Opis:
This study examines the causal links between improvements in economic freedom and changes in GDP per capita of new EU members in transition in the period 2000-2009. The empirical results suggest significant causality running from changes in monetary and fiscal freedom, trade openness, regulation of credit, labour, and business, legal structure and security of property rights, and access to sound money to movements in GDP per capita, especially in less and moderately developed CEE transition countries. Moreover, we find evidence that improvements in economic freedom are one of the main factors stimulating the convergence of these economies towards rich EU members. The evidence of causality in the opposite direction is much weaker.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics; 2011, 3, 3; 133-168
2080-0886
2080-119X
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
TRENDS IN IPOS: THE EVIDENCE FROM CEE CAPITAL MARKETS
Autorzy:
Meluzín, Tomáš
Zinecker, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517279.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
IPO
Going Public
Trends
Financial Markets
CEE
Opis:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate IPO developments across five CEE countries between 2003 and 2012. Using a wider range of methods and different data sets we intend to complement the previous research. Applying descriptive statistics, relevant local developments are analysed first before being compared with leading European markets (London Stock Exchange and Deutsche Börse). We also investigated the assumption that a growing market has an explanatory power for the accelerating IPO activity. For this purpose we performed a Spearman correlation analysis. The data were evaluated at the significance level of α = 5 %. All CEE capital markets recorded strong dynamism over the observed period. All fundamental capital market parameters increase the attractiveness of individual capital markets, although their values lag behind developed European capital countries. The sole leader in the region is Poland with a flourishing IPO market. Our assumption that a growing market has a positive impact on IPO activities could not be supported by empirical evidence.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2016, 11, 2; 327-341
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Are Larger Banks More Efficient in the Central Eastern European Countries?
Autorzy:
Kozak, Sylwester
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/610740.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
CEE countries
bank
efficiency
market share
effiiency
Opis:
Theoretical background: The relationship between the size of banks and their efficiency has become an important subject for academics and policy makers in the recent decades. However, the outcomes of these studies are relatively divergent concerning the direction of this dependence.Purpose of the article: The goal of this study is to assess how the size of banks affects their efficiency in the CEE countries in the years 2005–2017. Additionally, the relationship between the market concentration and banks efficiency is checked.Research methods: The research covers 108 banks operating in eleven CEE countries. The efficiency scores are achieved through the SFA method and regressed with the individual bank characteristics and macroeconomic and sectoral variables.Main findings: The results show that growing bank’s size and market share positively affect its efficiency. Additionally, higher concentration of the banking market has a similar effect. Higher inflation and GDP per capita decrease bank profit efficiency which can indicate that banks achieve the highest efficiency gains in less prosperous countries, however, in the low inflation environment. Additionally, banks’ efficiency is boosted with the growing development of the banking sector and increasing lending to the economy. Fast-growing banks tend to be more efficient, probably due to the positive effect of the financial leverage on profits.
Theoretical background: The relationship between the size of banks and their efficiency has become an important subject for academics and policy makers in the recent decades. However, the outcomes of these studies are relatively divergent concerning the direction of this dependence.Purpose of the article: The goal of this study is to assess how the size of banks affects their efficiency in the CEE countries in the years 2005–2017. Additionally, the relationship between the market concentration and banks efficiency is checked.Research methods: The research covers 108 banks operating in eleven CEE countries. The efficiency scores are achieved through the SFA method and regressed with the individual bank characteristics and macroeconomic and sectoral variables.Main findings: The results show that growing bank’s size and market share positively affect its efficiency. Additionally, higher concentration of the banking market has a similar effect. Higher inflation and GDP per capita decrease bank profit efficiency which can indicate that banks achieve the highest efficiency gains in less prosperous countries, however, in the low inflation environment. Additionally, banks’ efficiency is boosted with the growing development of the banking sector and increasing lending to the economy. Fast-growing banks tend to be more efficient, probably due to the positive effect of the fiancial leverage on profits.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2020, 54, 2
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TRANSITION: LESSONS FROM THE 2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS IN CEE
Autorzy:
Gurgul, Henryk
Lach, Lukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/453116.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Katedra Ekonometrii i Statystyki
Tematy:
export diversification
economic growth
CEE transition economies
Opis:
This paper examines the role of export diversification for economic growth in CEE transition economies. The results prove that before the outbreak of 2008 financial crisis export specialization rather than diversification was an important growth factor, especially in those countries which followed more specialized export patterns. However, after the outbreak of the crisis the direction of this causal link changed essentially. All three main aspects of export diversification turned out to play a significant role in reducing the growth slowdown effects of the 2008 financial crisis.
Źródło:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych; 2013, 14, 1; 137-149
2082-792X
Pojawia się w:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The policy of the People’s Republic of China towards Central and Eastern Europe in 2012-2020
Политика Китайской Народной Республики в отношении Центральной и Восточной Европы в 2012-2020 гг.
Autorzy:
Kuź, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1930227.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
China
CEE
Germany
16+1
China-CEE
China-UE
Китай
Центральная и Восточная Европа
Германия
Китай - ЦВЕ
Китай - ЕС
Opis:
In the second decade of the 21st century, the Middle Kingdom, which had huge financial surpluses, became the world’s largest exporter of money capital, which meant that investment policy became the main element of China’s foreign policy. In the case of Central and Eastern Europe, the 16+1 (17+1) format, containing both investment policy and soft power elements, has become the basic tool of the general policy of Middle Kingdom. This article aims to define the basic principles of China’s policy towards Central and Eastern Europe. For this purpose, the following general hypothesis was formulated: Chinese policy in Central and Eastern Europe consists of presenting the countries of this region with initiatives that do not go beyond the sphere of declarations and serve as a bargaining chip in relations with Germany, the country with the greatest potential in the European Union. The general hypothesis gives rise to detailed hypotheses that were verified in individual parts of the article with the use of the comparative method. The reasons most often mentioned in the literature on the subject, such as economic, cultural, social, and political differentiation of Central and Eastern European countries, legal barriers resulting from EU legislation, insufficient recognition of the region’s needs by the Chinese side and asymmetry of expectations of both parties, undoubtedly largely contribute to the lack of effective Sino-CEE cooperation. However, they cannot be considered decisive because similar problems occur wherever Chinese companies appear. However, in many regions of the world, despite these obstacles, mutual economic relations are more dynamic than in CEE. The reasons why the potential of the 16+1 (17+1) format has not been properly used can be found primarily in the context of German-Chinese relations.
Во втором десятилетии XXI века Китай, имевший огромные финансовые излишки, стал крупнейшим в мире экспортером денежного капитала, а это означало, что инвестиционная политика стала важным элементом внешней политики Китая. В случае Центральной и Восточной Европы формат 16+1 (17+1), содержавший компонент инвестиционной политики и элементы мягкой силы, стал основным инструментом общей политики Китая в отношении Центральной и Восточной Европы. Для этого была сформулирована следующая общая гипотеза: суть политики Китая в Центральной и Восточной Европе заключалась в том, чтобы представить странам этого региона инициативы, которые не выходили за рамки деклараций и являлись разменной монетой в отношениях с Германией - страной с наибольшим потенциалом в Европейском Союзе. Общая гипотеза порождает детальные гипотезы, которые в отдельных частях статьи проверялись сравнительным методом. Причины, которые чаще всего упоминаются в литературе, такие как экономическая, культурная, социальная и политическая дифференциация стран Центральной и Восточной Европы, правовые барьеры, возникающие в результате законодательства Европейского Союза, недостаточное признание потребностей региона китайской стороной и асимметрия ожиданий с обеих сторон, несомненно, в значительной степени способствуют отсутствию эффективного сотрудничества. Однако, несмотря на это, их нельзя считать решающими, поскольку подобные проблемы возникают везде, где появляются китайские компании. Во многих регионах мира, несмотря на эти препятствия, взаимные экономические отношения более динамичны, чем в Центральной и Восточной Европе. Причины неэффективного использования потенциала формата 16+1 (17+1) можно найти прежде всего в контексте германокитайских отношений.
Źródło:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2021, 1(28); 66-84
2084-3291
Pojawia się w:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 95

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