W artykule dokonano przeglądu badań geograficznych dotyczących struktury narodowościowej
w Polsce, począwszy od XIX wieku do początku II dekady XXI wieku,
odnosząc się także do zasadniczych nurtów badawczych problematyki narodowościowej
wśród historyków i socjologów. Przedstawiono najistotniejsze zdaniem autora problemy
badawcze, które należy podjąć w dalszych badaniach dotyczących mniejszości narodowych,
etnicznych i etniczno-regionalnych zamieszkujących współczesną Polskę. Omó-
wiono różnorodne metody badawcze wraz ze wskazaniem ich zalet oraz licznych
ograniczeń. We wnioskach autor przedstawił główne, jego zdaniem, uwarunkowania
wpływające na dynamiczne przekształcenia struktury narodowościowej w Polsce oraz
zasadnicze cechy relacji państwo polskie – mniejszości narodowe.
The issue of ethnicity is interdisciplinary and tackled by many sciences such as history,
statistics, demography, politology, sociology, ethnology or ethnography, as well as
geography, which focuses primarily on the spatial element of distribution of ethni-cities,
the causes and consequences of its changes and the genesis of concentrations of ethnic
minorities. As part of population geography or, more broadly, anthropogeography, and
apart from geographies of religion and languages, there is a discipline called geography
of ethnicity, which studies the numerousness, as well as assesses and analyses the ethnic
structures in various spatial scales. Studies of ethnic structures and their transformations
are common especially in political geography, which devotes more place to the issues of
ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities than any other geographical science. Owing to
its ability to study the spatial and temporal context of various phenomena, it facilitates
the recognition and comprehension of interrelations between political, demographic,
social and cultural factors. Such studies are particularly justified in the case of clear
dependence between ethnic transformations and territorial or political transitions, i.e. the
elements within political geography's scope of interest. Studies concerning ethnic minorities in Polish geography have had a long research
tradition and great scientific achievements, especially in the interwar period and the last
twenty years. These studies, though episodic in Communist times, have seen a contemporary
renaissance. When dealing with issues of ethnicity, geography uses the
achievements of other disciplines, especially history, statistics, sociology, and political
science. The main point of reference in any analyses of the ethnic specifics is space,
geographical environment and the socio-economic circumstances, while also considering
the influence of historical and political conditions. Close links between political and
historical geography caused by both disciplines studying the natural variability over time
and space allow for referencing the socio-historical context which is indispensable in this
kind of research.
The vast majority of national, ethnic and regional minorities living in contemporary
Poland are a part of the historical, cultural and political heritage of Poland, a testament to
the former complexity and multicultural character of Poland, a part of its history, present
day and, hopefully, its future. These minorities, even though thought of as “different”
and separate in regards to their national, linguistic or religious identity are “at home”,
with all rights and obligations that entails.
Therefore, further research into the ethnic structure of Poland in essential, mainly due to
the dynamic changes the country is currently undergoing (quantitative, qualitative,
territorial, institutional, cultural, social, political), the growing importance of native
regional groups and nationalities stemming from the non-European cultures, as well as
the geopolitical, economic and civilisation transformations that are changing Europe.
