Embryogenic cultures of plants are exposed to various stress factors both in vitro and during cryostorage. In order
to safely include the plant material obtained by somatic embryogenesis in combination with cryopreservation for
breeding programs, it is necessary to monitor its genetic stability. The aim of the present study was the assessment
of somaclonal variation in plant material obtained from embryogenic cultures of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and
P. omorika (Pančić) Purk. maintained in vitro or stored in liquid nitrogen by the pregrowth-dehydration method.
The analysis of genetic conformity with using microsatellite markers was performed on cotyledonary somatic
embryos (CSE), germinating somatic embryos (GSE) and somatic seedlings (SS), obtained from tissues maintained
in vitro or from recovered embryogenic tissues (ETc) and CSE obtained after cryopreservation. The analysis
revealed changes in the DNA of somatic embryogenesis-derived plant material of both Picea spp. They were found
in plant material from 8 out of 10 tested embryogenic lines of P. abies and in 10 out of 19 embryogenic lines of
P. omorika after in vitro culture. Changes were also detected in plant material obtained after cryopreservation.
Somaclonal variation was observed in ETc and CSE of P. omorika and at ETv stage of P. abies. However, most
of the changes were induced at the stage of somatic embryogenesis initiation. These results confirm the need for
monitoring the genetic stability of plants obtained by somatic embryogenesis and after cryopreservation for both
spruce species.
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