Ocena zmywów erozyjnych skarp budowli ziemnych z popiołów lotnych

Technical meaning of the word “slope” assing signifi cantly inclined area which joins two horizontal or almost horizontal surfaces lying on different heighst. In this meaning, slope replaces and acts as resistance walls. The slopes prtect embankments and excavations, reinforce drainage ditches and regular riverbeds. The slope is a construction element of earthen structures. Reinforcement may be biological (similar to the natural exploitation) or technical (artifi cal). Biological reinforcement may be made of sustainable turf fortifi ed by bushes and sometimes by trees. “Slope” means not only inclined areas of ground centre but also adherent horizontal strips of suitable wideness at road crown and toe. The investigations concerning rainwashes were conducted under laboratory (repeatable) conditions, where the formation and shaping of water erosion processes were simulated. Sloped areas (14–34o) of antropogenic structures from natural soils (medium sand) and antropogenic soils (fl yash) were tested. Vegetation is widely used in civil engineering as a way of reducing the visual impact of civil engineering works and enhancing the quality of the landscape. It can also perform an important engineering function because of its direct infl uence on the soil both at the surface, protecting and restraining the soil, and at depth, increasing the strenght and competence of the soil mass. Vegetation can also very signifi cantly affect soil moisture. All these effects may be adverse or benefi cial, depending on the circumstances, and most have direct engineering relevance.