A process approach to listening comprehension. Types of processing

Together with the criticism of Comprehension Approach, there appeared a tendency to look at listening comprehension from the point of view of the underlying processes, rather than its product (Field 2008). It has been considered one of the fundamental flaws of the approach to focus only on the final outcome of the listening process in the form of answers to comprehension questions or task responses. The article provides an overview of the processes that listening comprehension entails, categorizing them into two distinctive groups. Also, different types of processing are investigated and the primacy of bottom-up processes is underlined.