Szkice z zakresu rzymskiego prawa karnego – skazanie na udział w igrzyskach gladiatorskich (damnatio ad gladium ludi) Skatches about Roman Criminal Law – damnation to gladiatorial games
In Ancient Rome, there was a group of penalties closely connected to gladiatorial
games, like damnation to the beasts (damnatio ad bestias), damnation to the school of
gladiators (damnatio in ludum) and, the object of this paper, damnation to gladiatorial
games (damnatio ad gladium ludi). As it seems, on the basis of very few textual sources,
the latter was a kind of death penalty executed in the arena at noon. The condemned were
supposed either to kill each other with sword, either be executed by one of them or
a professional gladiator. The most interesting however is the form of functioning of this
phenomenon. It looks that Roman Criminal Law did not know this penalty, there is only
one doubtful legal source, which may refer to it. On the other hand, it is hard to deny its
existence – quite a few historical sources confirm, that at noon a number of condemned
were killed in the arena. As it seems, there was a variety of forms of executions in Ancient
Rome, which took place during the gladiatorial games. They depended mostly on the
discretional power of the organizer of the games and the will of the people. Damnatio ad
gladium ludi was a collective category for all of them, no matter what the actual sentence
stated, whether it was crucifixion, burning alive or other death penalties. In that way, it
was possible to present in the arena mythological and historical enactments known from
the sources.
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