Impossibilium nulla obligatio est celsusa (d. 50,17,185) a początkowa . niemożliwość świadczenia prawie niemieckim “Impossibilium nulla obligatio est of Celsus” (d. 50,17,185) and initial impossibility of performance in German law
On 1 January 2002 the Act on the Modernisation of the Law of Obligations (Gesetz
zur Modernisierung des Schuldrechts vom 26 November 2001, BGBl I, 3138 ff.) entered
into force, which fundamentally changed large parts of the German law of obligations. The
aim of the reform was not only a need of cover gaps in the over hundred years old German
Civil Code (BGB) regulations concerning the national obligation law. Beyond that was the
reform aimed at bringing some of the most outdated parts of the German Civil Code into
line with modern international developments. According to this, during the preparation of
the reform the stipulations of Community law (expecially the need of implementation by
1 January 2002 the Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and Council on certain
aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees) and the UN Convention
on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) as well as the Principles of European Contract
Law (PECL) were taken into consideration. In the end, a number of specific statutes aiming at the consumer protection have been
integrated into the BGB as well as many areas of the law of obligations (for instance sales
contracts, credit transactions, etc.) have been affected. However, the largest changes concerned
the breach of contract, which one of the part is the regulation of initial impossibility
of performance.
According to the old § 306 BGB, a contract, the performance of which was impossible,
was void. § 307 BGB (old version) allowed the purchaser to recover his negative interest if
the vendor knew or should have known about the impossibility. It was incorrectly said that
the rule from the old § 306 BGB has its origin in Roman law, more precisely in the Celsus
phrase impossibilium nulla obligatio est (D.50.17.185). According to the new § 311 a BGB
a contract is not invalid merely because at the time it was concluded performance of the
obligation assumed was impossible. The new regulation stays in line with Art. 4:102 PECL
and Art. 3.3 Principles of International Commercial Contracts (The Unidroit-Principles).
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