Mitigation of man-made climate change, rapid depletion of readily available fossil fuel reserves and facing the growing
energy demand that faces mankind in the near future drive the rapid development of economically viable, renewable energy
production technologies. It is very likely that greenhouse gas emissions will lead to the significant climate change over the
next fifty years. World energy consumption has doubled over the last twenty-five years, and is expected to double again in
the next quarter of the 21st century. Our biosphere is at the verge of a severe energy crisis that can no longer be overlooked.
Solar radiation represents the most abundant source of clean, renewable energy that is readily available for conversion to solar
fuels. Developing clean technologies that utilize practically inexhaustible solar energy that reaches our planet and convert
it into the high energy density solar fuels provides an attractive solution to resolving the global energy crisis that mankind
faces in the not too distant future. Nature’s oxygenic photosynthesis is the most fundamental process that has sustained
life on Earth for more than 3.5 billion years through conversion of solar energy into energy of chemical bonds captured
in biomass, food and fossil fuels. It is this process that has led to evolution of various forms of life as we know them today.
Recent advances in imitating the natural process of photosynthesis by developing biohybrid and synthetic “artificial leaves”
capable of solar energy conversion into clean fuels and other high value products, as well as advances in the mechanistic
and structural aspects of the natural solar energy converters, photosystem I and photosystem II, allow to address the main
challenges: how to maximize solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency, and most importantly: how to store the energy efficiently
and use it without significant losses. Last but not least, the question of how to make the process of solar energy conversion
into fuel not only efficient but also cost effective, therefore attractive to the consumer, should be properly addressed.
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