In an age of changes in species’ geographical ranges, compounded by climatic and
anthropogenic impacts, it become important to know which processes and factors
influence plant populations and their persistence in the long term.
Here we investigated dynamic and fitness components in twelve populations of
Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw., situated in different geographical (regions) and ecological
(type of habitat) units. Although M. monophyllos is a rare species, characterized
by highly fragmented, boreal-montane distribution range, in last few decades
it successfully colonized secondary habitats in Polish uplands. Our results indicate
that M. monophyllos is represented mainly by small populations, which annual spatial
and temporal changes might be very high, what affects the ephemeral character
of these populations, regardless of the region and type of habitat. This dynamic
structure, in turn, is caused by intensive exchange of individuals in populations, as
well as by their short above-ground life span. Despite the large range of variation
in size and reproductive traits, we can distinguish some regional patterns, which
indicate boreal region as the most optimal for M. monophyllos growth and persistence
in the long term, and with montane and upland/anthropogenic populations,
due to lower reproductive parameters, as the most threatened. Although it should
be considered that anthropogenic populations, despite their lower reproductive
parameters and instability in the long term, present an intermediate, geographical
and ecological character, therefore they may be valuable in shaping, both M.
monophyllos’ future range, as well as its potential for response on ongoing and
future changes. In general, reproduction is the main factor differentiating of M.
monophyllos populations in regions, and we can suspect that it may become the
cause of the future differentiation and isolation of these populations, occurring
with progressive range fragmentation.
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