Spectacles in Russia from Moscow Tsardom to Russian Empire. XVII – first half of the XIX Century.

This review article presents and discusses the available information on the early spectacles in Russia. The early descriptions on ophthalmologists in Russia come from the beginning of the 17th century, but the first Russian oculist in Moscow was probably Fedor Dorofeev who lived in the second half of this century. The Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676) used glasses in the last years of his life. The article presents how different optical devices were used by different noble people in Russia up to the early 20th century.