The main findings of studies of the physical oceanography of the Gulf of Finland
(GoF) during 1997–2007 are reviewed. The aim is to discuss relevant updates
published in international peer-reviewed research papers and monographs, bearing
in mind that a comprehensive overview of the studies up to the mid-1990s is
available (Alenius et al. 1998). We start the discussion with updates on the basic
hydrographical and stratification conditions, and progress in the understanding of
atmospheric forcing and air-sea interaction. Advances in the knowledge of basinscale
and mesoscale dynamics are summarised next. Progress in circulation and
water exchange dynamics has been achieved mostly by means of numerical studies.
While the basic properties of circulation patterns in the gulf have been known
for a century, new characteristics and tools such as water age, renewal index, and
high-resolution simulations have substantially enriched our knowledge of processes
in the Gulf of Finland during the last decade. We present the first overview of both
status and advances in optical studies in this area. Awareness in this discipline has
been significantly improved as a result of in situ measurements. Our understanding
of the short- and long-term behaviour of the sea level as well as knowledge of the
properties of both naturally and anthropogenically induced surface waves have
expanded considerably during these ten years. Developments in understanding
the ice conditions of the Gulf of Finland complete the overview, together with
a short discussion of the gulf’s future, including the response to climate change.
Suggestions for future work are outlined.
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