The water masses in Fram Strait have been analyzed on the basis of hydrographic
casts taken in summer 1984 during the MIZEX 84 experiment. In particular, θ − S
diagrams for 16 areas, each 5◦ in longitude and 1◦ in latitude, covering the strait
from 77◦N to 81◦ N are used to characterize the water masses and discuss their
possible origin. Near the surface, the East Greenland Polar Front clearly separates
the lighter, cold and fresh Polar Water (PW) from the heavier, warm and saline
Atlantic Water (AW). In the upper ocean, the data show a large spreading of the
temperature maximum in the θ − S space associated with different modes of the
AW recirculating southward below the PW. Two geographically distinct salinity
minima are found in the intermediate layer below the AW. The denser one, in the
Boreas Basin, is a feature typical of the Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) formed
by winter convection to the south of the strait, while the lighter one is sandwiched
in the Arctic Ocean outflow between the AW layer and the Upper Polar Deep
Water (UPDW) characterized by a downward salinity increase. In the deep layer,
two salinity maxima are present. The shallower (and warmer) one, associated with
the Canadian Basin Deep Water (CBDW), appears all along the East Greenland
Slope. A similar but weaker maximum is also found in the southeastern part of the
strait. This maximum is perhaps a remnant of the maximum in the East Greenland
Current after it has been recirculated back to the strait around the cyclonic gyres of
the Nordic Seas. The deeper one appears typically as a near-bottom salinity jump characteristic of the Eurasian Basin Deep Water (EBDW). The jump is found in
two distinct areas of the strait, to the north-west in the Lena Trough and to the
south-east in the rift valley of the Knipovich Ridge. The maximum in the former
area should have been advected from the Arctic Ocean below the CBDW, while
the maximum in the latter area might have originated from haline convection on
the adjacent shelves. Some EBDW is trapped in the Molloy Deep over a denser
water with salinity decreasing down to the bottom and temperature in the range
of the Greenland Sea Deep Water (GSDW).
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