Czy relacja – najsłabszy rodzaj bytowości w metafizyce św. Tomasza – może stanowić fundament realnego bytu narodu? Can relation that has the weakest kind of being in St. Thomas’ metaphysics constitute a foundation for the real being of a nation?.
Relation is defined by St. Thomas as ordo
unius ad aliud, in which three elements
– the subject (the thing that is referred),
object (the thing to which the
subject is referred) and finally the cause
of this referring (ground or fundament)
– can be distinguished. Though relations
are real, they are dependent in the order
of existence upon their elements and, in
a similar way as accidental properties,
are forms of being secondarily added to
a substance. Being of a relation is added
to that of a substance and connected with
it. Relation existing by virtue of its subject
is the most imperfect being (imperfectissimum
esse). It is the weakest form
of beingness (esse) because it requires not
only previous existence of a substance
but also existence of other accidents that
are causing relations. However, relations
are the least perfect beings because
a proper principle of relation presupposes
its referring to something else (since
its existence implies the reference to its
opposed terms). Relation is an accident,
because it inheres in the being of its subject.
Furthermore, it depends for its being on
the existence (esse) of something else besides
this subject. A nation thus is a relation-
based community that has an accidental
character. It means that it does
not exist in its own right, but always has
existence due to individuals creating a community
as a collective. The very idea of
nation is based on social dimension of
an individual, as well as on pursuit of the
common good. A nation is a specific organism
composed of individuals united
by blood ties, common ancestry, territory,
history, and broadly understood culture
intricately connected through various
relations.
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