Fuel cells for mobile applications

Fuel cells (FCs) are electrochemical devices, which produce electricity (and sometimes heat) without any intermediate step. These units are known for their high total and electrical efficiency, low emission levels, silent operations and scalability. There are several types of fuel cells, which operate at different temperatures, require different fuels and levels of servicing. Some of FC types can be also used for mobile applications - e.g. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Auxiliary Power Units (APU) or main power source is for FC vehicles. Recently, there has been a growing interest in research on mobile applications of fuel cells, both for civilian and military purposes. Several commercial companies focusing on fuel cells have been established, performing their R&D activities in their niches. In addition, there are special dedicated research funds for fuel cell and hydrogen research in countries such as USA, China, Japan, France and Germany. Moreover, the European Commission devotes funds for the fuel cell activities through a public-private partnership. This trend is predicted to continue in coming years, as fuel cells become smaller, easier and cheaper to operate and manufacture. This paper focuses on the current "state of the art" in fuel cell research, both commercial and governmental/military. In addition, some examples of mobile applications, focusing on fuel cell vehicles, spacecrafts and UAVs are presented, together with a predicted outcome for following years.