Wykluczenie społeczne osób chorych i niepełnosprawnych – aspekty etyczne. Psychologiczne koszty stygmatyzacji

The main aim of this article is to review the theoretical concepts and selected studies relating to the stigmatization and exclusion of ill and disabled people, their sources, mechanisms and effects, with particular attention to the ethical dimension of this phenomenon. Psychological costs, understood as negative emotions, or some kind of psychological discomfort, are the result of differences between the states of the ideal and the real.Ill and disabled people are often subject to negative stereotypes that are unfounded, baseless, unjustified, unfair and harmful. It is very important to prevent stigmatization and social exclusion of these people, but to do this it is needed to diagnose the problem of stigmatization itself.