Climate change is causing changes in tree species performance and distribution, impacting
breeding programme effectiveness. Our aim was to analyse the effects of provenance and climatic factors
on the annual ring density of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) at different experimental sites and
potential breeding strategies that may be developed in response to future climate change. The study trees
represented provenances originating from the western, east-central, northern, and southern regions of P.
massoniana distribution in China. The wood density differed significantly among provenances. A multisite
variance analysis test showed that the type B correlation coefficients for ring density at the two sites stud-
ied were less than 0.8, indicating an interaction effect of genotype by environment (G×E) on tree ring
density. Climatic factors directly affected the wood density properties. At Chun’an (CA), the maximum
latewood density (MXD) and minimum earlywood density (MND) were positively correlated with absolute
maximum temperatures in August and May of the current growing season, respectively. At Taizi Mountain
(TZS), MXD was significantly positively correlated with absolute maximum temperature in September of
the current year and significantly negatively correlated with precipitation in June. MND was significantly
positively correlated with absolute maximum temperature in May of the current year and significantly
negatively correlated with precipitation in April. The climatic effects on P. massoniana wood density differed
among seed-source origins. This study showed that ring density characteristics differed significantly among
provenances, and provenance selection could promote wood density. MXD and MND exhibited significant
genotype-by-environment interaction effects, and significant correlations were found between ring density
and temperature and precipitation conditions. These findings suggest that climatic factors and site condi-
tions in addition to genetics could be strong drivers of wood density variation, and/or that wood density is
a highly plastic trait.
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