Pinus heldreichii (Bosnian pine) is a Balkan-Apennine endemic and relict pine species that inhabits
high mountains in the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions. Nineteen populations of P. heldreichii
from the Western Balkans encompassing 187 individual trees were examined to evaluate morphological
variation, a rarely studied aspect of the species. Univariate and multivariate statistics were applied in order
to assess the variation of morphological traits of cones and seeds, evaluate the relationships among the
sampled populations and verify geographic differentiation in the Dinaric Alps versus Scardo-Pindic mountains. The observations of P. heldreichii covering the populations from the western margins and the centre of
the species distribution range indicated a morphological variation among populations and their geographic
structure. In general, the southern populations (Scardo-Pindic group) had lower values for the most of
morphological traits than the northern ones (Dinaric group). The observed geographic differences between
these populations exhibit a north-western to south-eastern gradient, with a few inconsistencies. The southernmost sampled population, Tomorr in Albania, showed remarkable morphological divergence from the
other studied populations and appeared to be a distinct morphological group. The pattern of morphological
variation in Bosnian pine most likely resulted from multiple effects of long-term isolation and fragmentation in high mountain systems, adaptation to extreme environments and human disturbances.
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