Sztuka i nauka w kartografii - dualizm czy jedność?

Autor omawia poglądy na temat wzajemnych relacji nauki i sztuki w kartografii. Rozważane są trzy podejścia, które w skrócie nazwać można polaryzacją, koegzystencją i jednością.

The paper contains a description of notions on the relations of art and science within the discipline of cartography, as reflected in cartographic literature. The following three concepts are considered: - the nature of art is antagonistic to the role of science, and art is eliminated from cartography by science - cartography is the discipline within which art and science co-exist, however the meaning and functions of each of these elements are different -both art and science form the unity within cartography, which is characterized by the unity of functions and purposes. Some cartographers strongly oppose against the inclusion of art into cartography, because subjectivism abd intuitiveness of art are in direct opposion to cartography, whose aim is to supply true information. Also, the progress in cartography inderstood as a branch of science lies in the continuous raising of standards as well as the search for optimum rules of map preparation. Such tendencies are not generally found in art and can even be considered to be in opposition with its nature. This concept leads to the conclusion that art has a marginal role in cartography and is being eliminated from this discipline by the science and technology. The concept, according to which cartography should science co-exist seems to have most followers, which is often reflected in cartographic literature. However, it is often stressed that the co-existence of art and science is not based on equal rights. The role of art in maps is considered to be subordinate to their primary aim: efficient source of information. Therefore, many authors who esteem art valuable, consider its presence in cartography as some sort of an added value or a way to enhance the esthetic value of maps (A. H. Robinson 1982, J.S. Keates 1984). They all consider the presence of art in cartography to be valuable, however they also note that for esthetics is the aim in art, but a tool in cartography. Eventually, some cartographers are of the opinion that both art and science form the unity within the discipline of catrography, whose common aim is to supply true information. E. Imhof (1977) can be considered as the most prominent ambassador of this concept. Both his publications and his professional activities prove that art supplements science in cartography and often allows us to reveal the trith, if the pure science fails. I consider this concept to be largely true - without the unity of art and science the full success in cartography would not have been possible.