The effect of temperature, light and calcium carbonate on seed germination and radicle growth of the polycarpic perennal Galium cracoviense (Rubiaceae), a narrow endemic species from southern Poland
The effect of temperature, light and calcium carbonate on seed germination and radicle growth of the polycarpic perennal Galium cracoviense (Rubiaceae), a narrow endemic species from southern Poland
Germination responses of Galium cracoviense Ehrend. (Rubiaceae), a narrow endemic species from southern
Poland, were tested in light and dark conditions at three constant temperatures (5, 10, or 22°C), before and after
cold-wet stratification. Additionally, seeds were germinated under different calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentrations
(1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 mM/L CaCO3) at 22°C in light. The high germination capacity of seeds incubated
at different temperatures, shortly after collection, already suggested the absence of dormancy in this species.
Thus, the seeds are ready to germinate immediately in the field when water resources are available and the temperature
is adequate. Light was a significant factor for G. cracoviense; more seeds germinated in light than in
darkness at all temperatures tested. Cold stratification decreased germination especially at higher temperatures.
The light requirement for G. cracoviense germination ensures their successful germination on or near the soil
surface, and in cracks and crevices in limestone, when temperature and edaphic conditions are favourable.
Seeds of this species show temperature enforced dormancy throughout the winter. Germination was significantly
affected by calcium carbonate. Non-germinated seeds germinated well after being transferred from higher CaCO3
concentrations to distilled water. The results indicate that the seeds of this species can endure CaCO3 stress
without losing their viability and start germination once CaCO3 concentration is reduced. It can be concluded
that the seeds of this species require lower Ca2+ ion concentration, moderate temperatures and the presence of
light to germinate.
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