Magnetoelectric Effect in Magnetic Materials

Magnetoelectric effect in magnetic insulators is reviewed. Alter an intuitive explanation of the effect in antiferromagnetic Cr$\text{}_{2}$O$\text{}_{3}$, the following topics are discussed on the experiments. Measurement and controlling of antiferromagnetic domains as well as antiferromagnetic domain wall motion. Expansion of the free energy of crystals in terms of magnetic and electric fields and polarizations. Information on the magnetic symmetry of crystals. Investigation of mechanisms of magnetoelectric effect. Excited states and optical observation.