Analiza optymalnych kierunków rozwoju ciepłownictwa na Ukrainie

Strategic problems of communal heat supply development in Ukraine include issues concerning heat sources power rating (fig. 1) and degree of atomization of heating supply. The solution of a given problem should be done considering two aspects: ?? the chosen decision should provide minimal expenditure of fuel and demand for power saving as well as its effectiveness, the second, the chosen decision should provide heat to communal users and have optimal ecological characteristics, the given criteria should be main in worth wile of investigation in the field of communal heat supply. The main kind of fuel used in Ukraine is natural gas. Reduction kinds of energy for this purpose practically are not used. Existing conditions of natural gas deficit in Ukraine which wants to survive and be economically independent, requires energy saving. According to official information, capacity of energy saving in Ukraine is 40- 45%. Investigations in this field show that it reaches 53% (fig. 2). The main part of losses belongs to heat users. Due to this fact it is necessary to start reconstruction of heat supply system with energy saving characteristics of users. During last 5-6 years the innovations that gave the possibility for the development of autonomous heat supply were introduced into civil engineering literature: installation of individual heating in 10-storied buildings was permitted, installation of roof boiler rooms was allowed, construction of built-in and additional heat boiler of small rate (about 200 kW) became possible. But some problems left and they are the following: installation of heating boilers with open (not hermetic) category of combustion was permitted. Thus, the majority of heating boilers proposed in Ukrainian market are boilers with injector burners. The high level of toxic combustion products is characteristic as well as dependence on burning process effectiveness in chimney, low coefficient of productivity and chimney draught (fig. 4, 5, 6), capacity of low pressure gas pipes in dwellings, problems with throw of exhausted products into atmosphere from autonomous boilers, different tariffs for natural gas for autonomous and centralized heat supply. Generally, installation of autonomous systems of heat supply results in bigger consumption and can't be energy saving. The solution of communal system of heat supply problem should be done on the base of technical and economical factor in condition of similar tariffs on gas fuel. The problem solution should be done concerning the development of other engineering systems of municipal economy.