Modelowanie rynku biomasy w Małopolsce z uwzględnieniem aspektów prawnych, rynkowych i ekologicznych

Problemy ochrony środowiska związane z eksploatacją i wyczerpywaniem zasobów paliw kopalnych, jak również z emisją zanieczyszczeń przyczyniają się do coraz szerszego wykorzystywanie OZE. W Polsce rozwojowi energetyki odnawialnej w nie sprzyja fakt bogatych złóż węgla kamiennego i brunatnego. W roku 2009 r. łączny ich udział w strukturze wytwarzania energii elektrycznej wynosił 88,2% [12]. Konieczność dostosowania rozwiązań w Polsce do głównych celów polityki UE stymuluje rozwój zielonej energii. Jednym z kluczowych założeń podkreślanym w inicjatywach UE takich jak: Strategia Lizboń-ska, Strategia Europa 2020 (realizującej cele "20/20/20") i Planu SET, jest zrównoważony rozwój gospodarki niskoemisyjnej [1, 3]. Wychodząc naprzeciw tym założeniom w Strategii Energetyki Odnawialnej w Polsce określono 14% poziom pozyskiwania energii z OZE w bilansie energetycznym kraju do roku 2020 [16].

Renewable energy sources (RES) are an alternative for conventional fuels in energy production processes both heat and electricity. Are seen as beneficial for the environment inter alia because the fact that they don't cause depletion of fossil fuel resources. Their promotion is one of the most important policy objectives in EU and Polish. The main source of renewable energy in Poland is biomass, from which in 2009 3.4% of electricity was produced. Moreover, it is increasingly being used to produce thermal energy in small installations. Presented model solutions for the energy use of biomass in small boilers, taking into account the legal aspects, market and environmental factors indicate the importance of market conditions (local market). Using the methodology of LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) to assess the potential environmental impact of energy production from biomass showed the importance of transport in the process of obtaining heat energy from biomass. The assessment was carried out for four installation in public buildings in Malopolska region with small biomass boilers. Analyzed installations are located in: Schools of Economics and Food Management in Wojnicz. Installation for thermal use of biomass consists of two boilers (WEISS type Combicraft VOD) with a total capacity 1MW of heat energy, which are used for prepare hot water and heating buildings in the complex of school (main building with classrooms, workshop to provide practical training, a canteen, a gymnasium, a residential building for teachers, dormitory), with a total floor area of about 7 000 m2. Boilers are fired with wood chips that come from aesthetic deforestation along roads and in parks in the district. Nursing Home in Lyszkowice. Installation for thermal use of biomass consists of three boilers (BIO PLEX's THERMOSTAL HL) with a total capacity of 553 kW heat energy, which are used for prepare hot water and heating of buildings with a total cubature of approximately 25 000 m3. The installation uses as a fuel surplus and waste from the production of cereals from the local agricultural production and the wood pellets, purchased from domestic suppliers. Primary School in Jordanow. Installation for thermal use of biomass consists of two boilers (BIO-VOLCANO) with a total capacity of 240 kW heat energy, used for heating purposes for schools building (cubature 6 000 m3). Fuel used to operate this installation is mainly wood pellets, which is purchased from suppliers, both domestic and foreign. Volunteer Fire Brigade Building and Municipal Center of Culture and Promotion. Small biomass heating system that uses a boiler (THERMOSTAL) with a total capacity of 60 kW heat energy is used to heat the two buildings with total floor space about 1 200 m2, and the fuel used in this installation is mainly cereals (oats, corn) coming from surplus and waste from local agricultural production. Miechow Municipality. In the 42 households have been installed boilers with a capacity of 25 kW heat energy each, designed to burn oat. They are used by farmers to heat their household, and as fuel they use surplus and waste from agricultural production.