Lab-on-a-chip systems are promising tools in the field of cell engineering.
Microfluidic systems are integrated microlaboratories consisting of many microstructures
such as microchannels and microchambers, which can be used for cell
analysis and cell culture. Appropriately designed geometry of the chip allows to
mimic in vivo conditions. Microsystems enables continuous culture medium perfusion.
During cell culture, regulation of the flow rate of medium is possible, which
allows to control conditions of the cultivation.
In this paper we present a review of microfluidics systems which are used
in cell engineering. We describe methods of microsystems fabrication, parameters
which influence cell proliferation in microscale and examples of microsystems for
cell analysis and cell culturing. Microfluidic systems for maintaining cell culture
are mainly fabricated of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and glass, non-toxic
materials for cells. The most commonly used method for fabrication of PDMS
microsystems is photolithography and replica molding techniques. Cell culture in
microsystems can be carried out in two ways: as a two-dimensional (2D) cell culture
and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. In two-dimensional culture cells grow
as a monolayer on a flat surface of microchambers or microchannels. Microsystems
for two-dimensional cell culture are widely described in the literature. They are
mainly used for: (i) cell proliferation after exposure to external stimuli, (ii) testing
the activity of cytotoxic drugs, (iii) interactions and cell migration and (iv) the
evaluation of procedures applicable in tumor therapy e. g. photodynamic therapy.
However, two-dimensional cell culture do not mimic fully in vivo conditions. In
living organisms cells grow spatially creating three-dimensional structures like tissues.
Therefore, nowadays microsystems for 3D cell culture are being developed
intensively. Three-dimensional cell culture in microfluidic systems can be achieved
in three ways: by the design of suitable geometry and topography of microchannels,
by the use of hydrogels or by spheroids formation. Three-dimensional cell culture
in microfluidic systems are much better experimental in vitro models than cell culture
in traditional culture vessels. It is the main reason why microsystems should
be still improved, as to become widely used research tools in cellular engineering.
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