Otrzymywanie i właściwości adsorpcyjne materiałów grafenowych

New, efficient and cost effective methods for CO₂ capture are needed to keep the clean environment in the era of rising energy demand. Hydrogen is being considered as an ideal energy source for replacing fossil fuels. Since the breakthrough work in Science on graphene published in 2004 [22], this material has been intensively studied because of its great potential for applications in many fields of modern technology such as electronics [94–96], energy storage [21, 110, 111] and gas detection [13, 16]. As a two–dimensional, crystalline carbon material, graphene is characterized by superior chemicals and physical properties [2, 5]. The large theoretical specific surface area of graphene (2630 m²/g [89]) makes it an excellent material for adsorption applications. Furthermore, graphene– based materials could be doped by heteroatoms (e.g. B [72], N [106]) or decorated with various nanoparticles (e.g. Fe [55], Pd [106], Fe₃O₄ [8], V₂O₅ [79], TiO₂ [79]), which significantly improves their adsorption properties. Specific mechanism CO2 [8] and H₂ [104–106] takes place during adsorption processes on some graphene materials containing metal or metal oxide nanoparticles on their surfaces. In this review, the major methods for synthesis of graphene and graphene– based materials are discussed with particular emphasis on “chemical exfoliation”. The possibility of obtaining a high quality graphene material from waste materials such as polystyrene or biological materials such as crustacean skin [37, 41] is also reviewed. An overview of the newest synthesis methods of graphene [46] and modified graphene materials including polymer nanocomposites [61, 62] is presented too. A particular attention is given to CO₂ and H₂ adsorption properties of graphene– based materials [8, 62, 106]. Fe₃O₄ and Pd decorated graphene materials [8, 106–108] are ones of the most effective adsorbents described so far. These materials show a maximum CO₂ adsorption capacity of 60 mmol/g at 25°C and 11 bar [8] and a maximum hydrogen uptake capacity of 4,4 wt% at 25°C and 40 bar [106]. It seems, that modified graphene materials can compete successfully with the currently used adsorbents, including nanoporous carbonaceous materials such as activated carbons, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes [8, 21] or ordered mesoporous carbon materials.