Akumulatory litowo-jonowe stosowane w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym

Due to limited resources of fossil fuels and overproduction of greenhouse gases, a need for alternative means for vehicle communication appeared. Because of that hybrid electric vehicles, as well as battery electric vehicles, were proposed to replace some of conventional vehicles based on internal combustion engine [3]. To their advantages over conventional cars belong environmental friendliness and better performance (in case of hybrid electric vehicles), but they also suffer from greater purchase costs and limited range (in case of most battery electric vehicles) [4, 6]. Presented work briefly characterizes four types of vehicles equipped with electric motor (mild hybrid, full hybrid, plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles) along with generalised presentation of their battery requirements [4, 6]. Further in this work, the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery working principle was explained, along with characterisation of its limitations due to its design and requirements for inactive components e.g. 4-fold drop in specific capacity and energy density while moving from pure electrode material level to battery level [20]. Next, present Li-ion active components, such as LiCoO₂, LiMnO₂ and LiFePO₄ cathodes and graphite anode along with their capacities and energy densities as well as other characteristic regarding (e.g. environmental friendliness, safety and cost) are shown. Moreover electrode materials e.g. nanocomposite anodes and cathodes, multi-electron cathodes (e.g. Li₂MnSiO₄), as well as Li-metal and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ anodes, with their advantages and disadvantages were described [15, 20]. Presented article was summarized by gathered opinions of battery electric vehicles users, who share their experience regarding their electric cars in a survey. One can tell that they are fairly satisfied with their purchase and that improvement in range of battery electric vehicles along with predictable government policy regarding electrification of cars are the most important factors when considering purchase of electric vehicle [36].