Alditols belong to the group of acyclic polyols. Formally, they are obtained from
the aldose or ketose by reduction of the carbonyl group. Single or double dehydratation
of alditols provides the cyclic compounds named anhydroalditols and dianhydroalditols,
respectively.
Alditols and anhydroalditols are widespread in both animal and plant kingdoms.
They are in human blood and urine, and in the amniotic and cerebrospinal
fluids.
Herein the applications of alditols and anhydroalditols in medicine and human
nutrition are presented. (For example d-mannitol is used as a diuretic agent or in
osmotherapy to reduce acutely raised intracranial pressure; isosorbide mononitrate
is used against angina pectoris. Xylitol (pentitol) can counteract several diseases,
among others, the acute otitis media, osteoporosis, tooth decay and helps the remineralization
of teeth, thanks to that it found use as an additive to chewing gum
[4]. Most alditols including d-mannitol, d-glucitol and 1,4-anhydro-d,l-galactitol,
are used as sweeteners and as well as additives for low caloric food or as diets for
diabeties. Although they show lower sweetness than glucose or saccharose, their
great advantage is that it does not cause a rapid increase of glucose level in blood
[5,6]. While nitrates 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-d-mannitol and 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-d-glucitol
thanks to the ability of blood vessels relaxant are commonly used for years in the
treatment of heart diseases and blood system [10]). It is demonstrated that introduction
of alditol or anhydroalditol to biologically active compound may improve
its activity. Anhydroalditols are also useful substrates for the stereospecific synthesis
of bicyclic compounds. Additionally, alditols and anhydroalditols are promising
monomers for synthesis of polymers with interesting properties.
Finally, methods of alditols and anhydroalditols syntheses are presented.
Among them we consider: cyclization in an acid medium involving intramolecular
dehydration, SN2 reaction with suitable leaving groups, deamination reaction combined
with reduction, reduction of glycosyl halide, tioglycoside and glycoside, and
addition of water or hydrogen to the double bond in glycals.
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