MOF materials or metal-organic frameworks are compounds consisting of
metal ions or clusters (metal junctions) and organic ligands (bridging groups) connected
via coordination bonds. Since a variety of organic ligands and metal junctions
is available, metal-organic frameworks of desired composition and structures
can be synthesized. These compounds are relatively new, intensively studied, their
number is continuously growing from year to year. Metalorganic frameworks may
also possess elastic properties due to the presence of coordination bonds in their
structure. A distinct feature of MOF materials, which differentiates them from
other sorbents, is the possibility of changing their pore structure under influence of
external stimuli and the ability of adjusting their pore size to the dimensions of the
adsorbed molecules. An interesting phenomenon observed in these materials is the
so-called “breathing” effect that is manifested by drastic changes in the pore volume
upon external stimuli such as temperature, pressure, type of adsorbate, presence of
solvent.
There are numerous methods for the preparation of MOF materials: solvothermal,
electrochemical, mechanochemical, sonochemical and microwave-assisted
syntheses. An additional activation of these materials is often required to remove the
remaining solvents from pores and consequently, increase their adsorption capacity.
The latter can be also increased by additional modifications that can be used to tune
their physicochemical properties, and especially porosity.
Due to the excellent adsorption properties of MOF, especially very high BET
specific surface area (up to 6200 m2/g) and large pore volume, these materials have
been intensively studied for capture or storage of various gases such as CO2, H2 and
CH4.
Applications of metal-organic frameworks are continuously growing and range
from gas storage, chemical sensors and phosphors to medicine, where they are used
as drug carriers.
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