Anthropogenic activities, such as high-altitude flights and living in buildings, have enhanced the public
exposure to natural radiation. In particular, 40K and radionuclides belonging to 232Th and 238U decay chains are
present even in building materials, and they may be considered as partially responsible for the effective dose
coming from natural radioactivity. Scientists and governments have devoted great attention to the evaluation of
the effects produced on the public by naturally occurring radionuclides. In this context, to evaluate the building
materials acceptability, accurate and reliable methods for the measurement of the specific activity of natural
radioactive isotopes in building materials have been developed. This paper aims to provide a clear and exhaustive
review on natural radionuclide measurement procedures. Several standard national normatives (Dutch NEN
5697, Italian UNI 10797, Polish ITB 455), based on gamma spectrometry, have been considered and some critical
issues were identified regarding the preparation and the radiometric measuring of the samples. Therefore,
the direct measurement of 238U and 232Th by ICP-MS spectrometry as well as the extrapolation of the specific
activities without waiting for secular equilibrium have been considered as two promising alternative approaches.
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