Wybrane rozwiązania instrumentalne w technikach analizy przepływowej

Modern analytical techniques are expected to fulfil high requirements in terms of both the quality of the obtained analytical results as well as caring for the environment. The methods should be developed in accordance with the rules of so-called Green Analytical Chemistry. Flow analysis techniques meet these assumptions. Their rapid development, especially in terms of instrumental solutions has been observed in recent years. Instrumental solutions employed in the flow analysis techniques allow for shortening the time of analyses, minimization of samples and reagents consumption as well as waste production, reduction of the costs of analyses and the risk of exposure of laboratory personnel on toxic substances. Their use, in many cases, has also a beneficial effect on improving the precision and accuracy of the analytical determinations. The article presents selected instrumental solutions used in various flow analysis techniques. Flow analysis techniques can be divided, inter alia, according to: the way of sample introduction into a flow system (continuous or intermittent sampling), the type of the liquid stream (segmented (with gas) or unsegmented flow) as well as the applied elements of instrumental system. In analytical practice, the techniques of flow injection analysis and sequential injection analysis are used most often. Due to constructional reasons, the use of systems containing valves of the type: Lab-on valve and various instrumental solutions of multicommutated techniques: multicommutated flow injection analysis, multi-syringe flow injection analysis and multi-pumping flow systems deserves special attention.