Shaking during ion-atom collisions

The shaking (shakeup and shakeoff) processes accompanying ion-atom collisions are studied using non-relativistic hydrogenic wave functions for the K-, L- and M-shell electrons in the sudden approximation limit. The role of recoil amplitude in the shaking processes is discussed. It is found that the suddenness of collision between projectile and target nuclei plays a more definitive factor in the shaking of the respective atomic system than the recoil of nuclei.