Eutopia na zgliszczach. Kierunki rozwoju idei polskiego kooperatyzmu w XIX wieku

The article serves to indicate that in the development of the ideas of Polish cooperatism before 1914 it is possible to distinguish two general stages. First, represented among others by Wojciech Gutkowski, Ludwik Królikowski, and Jan Czyński, was characterized by tending to create closed communities and achieve a profound transformation of the human life. Experiences tied to these ideas were critically received by Bolesław Limanowski and Kalikst Wolski, among others. Based on the failure of the first wave of cooperative ideology, the next generation of thinkers (Edward Abramowski, Romuald Mielczarski) attempted to enter into a dynamic relationship with the capitalist environment and change it through self-help practices. Both stages of cooperatis.