Ways of defining digital competences and their components in the EU, EC and UNESCO recommendations

The aim of this article is to comprehensively examine the ways in which digital competences and their components are defined in the recommendations of the European Union (EU), the European Commission (EC) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The study delves into the evolving landscape of digital competences and highlights commonalities and differences in the frameworks proposed by these influential bodies. Through a comparative analysis, the paper seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of conceptualisations of digital competences, which may facilitate the development of a unified framework that can guide educational policies and practices.