Martin Heidegger – Filozof Bytu w Podróży po Sztukę

The aim of the dissertation is the theoretical analysis of Martin Heidegger`s philosophical work after the famous turn to radically-perceived philosophy of being (the so called "Kehre"). The author presents a completely new paradigm of doing philosophy, which Heidegger himself began with his publication. It is a paradigm outside the traditional Cartesian subject-object divisions. However, it was not continued in the tradition of modern philosophy, as it went beyond commonly understood rationalism. Another current of philosophical tradition to which my ethosophy relates is the development of modern transcendentalism, marked by such names as Descartes, Kant, Hegel, and Husserl. Descartes, as we know, posed the overriding question of modern philosophy: the relation between thought and being. By this he set the modern version of the traditional subject-object dualism and substantiated it in his system. Contemporary transcendentalism best accommodated this dichotomy, breaking it down by building up the subject sphere. This is the way Kant followed and Husserl took to its end—so it would appear—in his transcendental idealism. The essence of this philosophical program was such a buildup of the subject sphere so as to see through—as though from outside—this entire subject-object dualism. Yet this point of view of transcendental idealism by no means fully eliminates this dualism but, on the contrary, in a way cements it further. Its negation is purely declarative. Within the limits of this theoretical perspective, such an observational position is constructed which as its counter-element encompasses both the subject and the object, and more specifically the relation which links them. By the same token, this original dualism reemerges, only on a different qualitative plane, which on the one hand includes this transcendental point, and on the other has this relation linking the studied and the studying spheres. Obviously, it is possible to eliminate this level again by constructing a new, much more general, point of observation, transcendental to the earlier. This procedure may proceed ad infinitum, wit¬hout really eliminating this original dualism. In reality, such was the course of this current in modern transcendental philosophy—from Descartes, through Hegel all the way to Husserl. There is yet another answer to the central problem that Descartes posed. This is an attempt to break up this subject-object dualism from within by expanding the object sphere. The best known theoretical solutions within this current of modern philosophy are the proposals that Marx and Heidegger advanced. While the transcendental idealism of the type Husserl proposed built up the external point of view of the traditional subject-object division of philosophy, an internal point of view of this division marks the current of transcenden¬talism in which the high-watermarks were the names of Marx and Heidegger and which, in contrast to the former, could qualify as realistic. This comes about by up-valuing the object sphere. The solution Husserl proposed was, as indicated earlier, illusory. The solution Marx and Heidegger reached is real, as it reveals the rules behind the constitution of such a dual manner of thinking about the world. Both of these philosophers show this dualism as illusory. Ethosophy expands on this point of view.