Free flow electrophoresis, or carrier-free electrophoresis, is a technique
based upon the principle of mobility of chargeable species in the electric
field. However, unlike more widespread gel electrophoresis, free flow electrophoresis
does not utilise any kind of solid support medium. Instead, species
to be separated move within the space filled with aqueous buffer, which is constantly
pumped in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the applied
electric field. Such set-up allows for continuous separation, as compounds
of the sample being processed form separate bands and leave the separation
system through several different outlets located along the edge of the
chamber. Furthermore, the use of mild separation conditions increases
the chance of biologically active compounds retaining their activity after
the separation is finished. These qualities make free flow electrophoresis
an excellent tool for protein research and cytology.
In this review, the basic theoretical aspects of the technique are outlined,
with a special emphasis placed on various modes in which free flow
electrophoresis can be operated. Besides, a review of milestone papers
related to free flow electrophoresis technology is presented. Apart from
the devices following the original concept of Barrollier and Hannig,
an insight into the construction of recirculating instrumentation, multicompartment
electrolysers as well as radially-symmetric chambers is provided. A special
focus is placed on patents and commercialized solutions. Finally, the challenges of
scaling-down free flow electrophoresis to micro-dimensions are introduced.
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