Zmienność wzorca przestrzennego krajobrazu w świetle interpretacji dostępnych materiałów kartograficznych i teledetekcyjnych

Analizowano zmienność wzorca przestrzennego krajobrazu trzech poligonów badawczych zlokalizowanych w Zaborskim Parku Krajobrazowym. Na każdym z wybranych poligonów w ciągu ostatnich 210 lat gospodarka leśna realizowana była z odmienną intensywnością. Zmienność struktury krajobrazu, wynikająca ze zmian technologicznych w leśnictwie oraz z różnego użytkowania poszczególnych powierzchni, określona została na podstawie dostępnych materiałów kartograficznych, topograficznych i teledetekcyjnych z lat 1796-2000. Przeanalizowano 6 stanów czasowych na podstawie interpretacji map topograficznych, 6 stanów na podstawie interpretacji map przeglądowych drzewostanów i zdjęć lotniczych oraz 7 stanów na bazie interpretacji zobrazowań satelitarnych. Dla przeprowadzenia porównań powierzchni badawczych obliczono wybrane miary i wskaźniki wzorca przestrzennego krajobrazu. Obliczeń dokonano zarówno na poziomie krajobrazu, jak i poszczególnych kategorii użytkowania terenu. Większość etapów postępowania badawczego zrealizowano z zastosowaniem technologii Systemów Informacji Geograficznej.

The contemporary structure of the spatial landscape is the result of all activities and processes which took place in the analysed area in the past. Almost every activity of man is reflected in the landscape pattern in the creation of various forms of land use. In this paper, the variation of the landscape pattern of the Zabory Landscape Park is analyzed on three sample plots. The forest economy has been taking place with different activity on each of these sample plots for the previous 210 years. The landscape pattern changes as a result of technological changes were analyzed on the basis of cartographical, topographical maps and remote sensing data from 1796-2000. Six time states were analyzed on the basis of the interpretation of topographical maps, six states on the basis of interpretation of forest review maps of tree stands and aerial photographs, and seven states on the basis of interpretation of satellite imageries. The following source materials are used in the paper: Schrötter-Engelhardt maps (1796-1802), Prussian topographic maps – Messtischblätter (1874), WIG topographic maps (1936), topographic maps in scheme 1942 (1954) and topographic maps in scheme 1965 (1985) and maps revising treestands from: 1911, 1945, 1952-54, 1966, 1976, 1987-88, 1999-2000. To complement revising the maps of treestands panchromatic and colour aerial photographs from 1951, 1964, 1975, 1986 and 1997 were also used. To characterize changes in the landscape structure, the chosen indices of landscape spatial pattern were calculated. The following landscape indices were used: patch density and size metrics, edge metrics, shape metrics (within a fractal dimension and NSCP index), diversity metrics and fragmentation of basic subsections. Calculations were made on the level of a landscape as well as separate categories of land-use. Most of the research goals were achieved with the use of Geographical Information Systems technology. Comparative analysis of the studied sample plots show differences in the landscape structure of these places. Structural differences between the chosen sample plots are shown by using all measurements of indices for landscape mosaic, among others: density and sizes of patches, length of edges, shapes and variations estimated according to cartographic and spatial imagery interpretations. The cause of the strongest transformations in the landscape structure which took place in the sample plots in the 19th century were changes in land use connected with the introduction of the forestry industry. In two sample plots situated in the northern part of Zabory Landscape Park, there was an especially important change from a non-forest to a forest landscape. It took place in the last decade of 19th century. Later, the forest area expanded, but its range and rate of growth was much lower. Cleardifferences between sample plots also took place based on satellite data interpretation. From a comparison of ranges and average values of standardized vegetation index in each area and historical cartographic data, it was concluded that NDVI values in the present satellite images are determined by the way the area was used in the past.