Systemy uprawy buraka cukrowego w Polsce w badaniach ankietowych

W 2012 roku przeprowadzono badania ankietowe dotyczące systemów uprawy buraka cukrowego w Polsce. Badaniami objęto cały areał uprawy tej rośliny (192 039 ha). Ankietę rozesłano do służb surowcowych wszystkich koncernów cukrowych w Polsce: Krajowa Spółka Cukrowa - 7 cukrowni, Südzucker - 5 cukrowni, Pfeifer & Langen - 3 cukrownie, Pfeifer & Langen Glinojeck - 1 cukrownia, Nordzucker - 2 cukrownie. W ankiecie wyróżniono 16 systemów uprawy. W polskiej praktyce rolniczej występuje duże zróżnicowanie systemów uprawy buraka cukrowego. Dominującym sposobem uprawy roli jest orka tradycyjna (85,9% całkowitej powierzchni plantacji), za pomocą której wprowadza się do gleby obornik (31,2%), międzyplon (15,4%) lub rezygnuje się z nawożenia naturalnego i organicznego (29,2%). Konserwujące metody uprawy buraka stosowane są średnio na 13,5% areału polskich pól. Najpopularniejszym materiałem mulczującym jest międzyplon ścierniskowy z gorczycy białej. Ten system uprawy wdrażany jest głównie w rejonach kontraktacyjnych cukrowni wielkopolskich oraz w Werbkowicach.

Conventional tillage is replaced by reduced tillage systems universally in Europe and more and more often in Poland. That fact creates favourable conditions for both better economic results and maintaining natural properties of soil environment. One of the promoted system is conservation tillage, in which the large part of the organic matter is left on the surface of soil. Despite of numerous studies determining the qualitative impact of tillage on soil environmental properties and crop productivity, the percentage of individual sugar beet tillage systems in the total area of its cultivation is still no determined in Polish conditions. The aim of the survey was to determine the contribution of separate sugar beet tillage systems in total area of its cultivation in Poland as well as to demonstrate the farmer anxiety for the implementation of reduced technology. These tests will be repeated every 5-10 years, in order to understand the dynamics of changes in tillage systems of that species in our country. In 2012, a survey was conducted on sugar beet cultivation systems in Poland. The study covered the entire acreage of the crop (192 039 ha). The questionnaire was sent to all sugar companies in Poland: Krajowa Spółka Cukrowa - 7 sugar factories, Südzucker - 5 sugar factories, Pfeifer & Langen - 3 sugar factories, Pfeifer & Langen Glinojeck - 1 sugar factory, Nordzucker - 2 sugar factories . The survey found 16 different cultivation systems. This list allowed the undisputed and hassle-free answer for the respondents. A detailed list allowed for a comparison of the different systems cultivation between sugar factories and concerns. This study was possible through to the strong connection of farmers with the sugar industry by commodity services which monitor plantation several times during the growing season in case each farmer. In the Polish agricultural practice there are very diverse systems of sugar beet cultivation. The predominant method of cultivation is a traditional plowing (85.9 % of the plantations), by which farmyard manure (31.2%) or cover crop (15.4%) is incorporated into the soil or the system without natural and organic fertilization. Conservation tillage systems in sugar beet production are used, on the average, on 13.5 % of the acreage of agricultural fields in Poland. The most popular mulch is from white mustard grown as a stubble crop. This cultivation system is implemented mainly on the areas belonging to sugar factories of Wielkopolska region and also in Werbkowice. The main reason for the small interest in the cultivation of sugar beet farmers in reduced technology are concerns about the threat of biological (pests), chemical degradation of soil (fertilization, salinity), the lack of a specialized machine park and attachment to the traditional model of cultivation.