Z zagadnień ekspozycji zabytków archeologicznych in situ : problemy ekspozycji na grodzisku ON PROBLEMS OF THE IN SITU DISPLAY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS
Within the complex structure of a „bridge” linking
the past with our days in the field of evolution and
development of both artistic culture and historical
conscience of a society the historic monuments, the
relics of the past, no doubt, have their important
place. In fact entirely particular position is being
kept among them by those of archaeological character
since they relate to times from which no written
records or sources have survived, or are available in
quite negligible numbers.
The advances of archaeological excavations conducted
in the period of the Polish People’s Republic
resulted in a considerable extension of the so-called
source material base, i.e. in enrichment of supply of
materials enabling the insight into the story of formation
of the Polish State. An immense supply of
source materials has led to changes in activities of
such important institutions where they can be popularized
as are the museums.
However, this fundamental change that occured with
regard to the basic form of the museum’s activities,
i.e. display is by far inadequate nowadays. Those
serious objectives that are being set by contemporaneity
before museums are in a considerable measure
concerning the display itself. Today it can by no
means be based on scientific information alone that
has been furnished by archaeology, history of art or
by ethnography. There exists a need to find a creative
agent in its system as it should contain a number
of experiences of emotional nature that are required
by young people, it must emphasize the importance
of direct contact with original objects and more
still — it should prevent the loss of historical and
social receptiveness.
A properly thought modern display method should
avoid any forms of stereotyped presentation whatsoever
that obscures its sense and makes its language
more or less conventionalized. The display space should be handled as a place of action or even to
some extent as a theatrical stage on which with the
aid of exhibits a sui generis performance can be
played. The displayed exhibits do not in themselves
constitute any information — they only form an informative
situation that controls the flow of information
in a strictly predetermined manner.
As one of possible answers to objectives that are set
before archaeological museums by contemporaneity
is to be considered the display of archaeological objects
in situ. The first attempts to cristallize an idea of
archaeological reservation were made in Poland as
early as in 1934 at Biskupin. At present the number
of reservations whose forms comply to definition by
Professor K. Piwocki is ranging as high as to ten.
The author distinguishes two types of archaeological
reservations: I — a simple reservation, and II — a
composed reservation. As the background for such distinction
was adopted the form of relics discovered. As
the most essential element of the in situ display is to
be considered that of proportion between the historical
substance and installations and equipment that are
necessary to secure the appropriate functioning of
reservation and are decisive for the effects and impressions
that can be received by visitors.
With concern to the in situ display of archaeological
relics within the space of an ancient castle the author
suggests that (1) the castle site needs to be immediately
and inseparably linked with its natural environment
which the links should in no way be disturbed
by any modern buildings or other kind of installations,
(2) regardless of the state of preservation of
a castle its shape that survived to our days forms
a part of its historical substance and should therefore
be protected.
The architectural design of display must take into
account the following: (a) the necessary climatic conditions
(i.e. temperature, humidity) under which can
be kept the relics exposed to their action, (b) an
appropriate from the historical and aesthetic viewpoint
display of relics themselves. In his further considerations
the author discussed some examples of
archaeological sites within the ancient castles that
have already been realized as, for instance, that of
Giecz or are now at the stage of designing as those
at Kalisz or Bródno Stare.
Unfortunately, all the three archaeological sites mentioned
above in their architectural designs are far
enough from the required respect for the castle solids
as the latter have seriously been disturbed by service
installations and equipment.
The author of the present publication is responsible
for general design of archaeological site at Sieradz
being discussed here and forming an integral part
of the Sieradz Ethnographic Park. The ethnographic
part will, however, not disturb the natural environment
of the Sieradz castle site as a wide green belt
and plantings accentuating the site occuppied by ancient
castle will ensure the appropriate proportion
between the both parts. As a result of archaeological
investigations the following elements have been
planned as those designed for permanent exhibition:
(1) the 13th-century timber-constructed fortifications,
(2) the relics of brickwork rotunda of the 13th century,
(3) the negative pattern of circumpherential castle
wall built during the 14th century.
To prevent the damage to the castle solid preserved
to our times it was decided that the in situ display
of the discovered relics will be placed at the underground
level. None of installations that are inevitable
for preservation and display of historic substance
will be visible at the ground level.
Both system and rôle of the separate components forming
the whole display on the Sieradz archaeological
site have been devised as follows: Part I — „Prologue”;
(1) Projection of a film devoted to „History of
Sieradz covering the period of the 6th to 15th century
A.D.”; (2) a printed „Guide to Archaeological Site,
Sieradz” having special version for young readers
with a plastic reconstruction of the castle site; Part
II — „Culmination”; Pavilion No 1 housing the relics
of the timber constructed fortifications and those of
rotunda; Pavilion No 2 housing the negative castle
wall pattern; Part III — „Epilogue”; a display of the
movable historical monuments coming from excavations
conducted on the castle site.
It may be said that Parts I and III perform a subordinated,
servicing function thus supporting the main
part of the in situ display and their location (Part I
forming a projection room is housed in an especially
adapted to purpose historic building located within
the „ethnographic” area whereas Part III in the Sieradz
Museum some 500 m from the castle site) creates
conditions favouring the exclusive display of relics
excavated within the castle site.
At any rate, however, the proportion of historic substance
to the necessary safeguarding and servicing installations
remains an open problem in the in situ
display. Nevertheless, it is a duty of every conservator
and designing architect to keep this problem
before his eyes and to make every possible effort to
arrive at its optimum solution.
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