In the Netherlands conservation tendencies include
at present:
— composite preservation of monumental complexes,
— reconstruction of historical forms and detail on
the basis of thorough historical records,
— preservation of folk architecture and technological
monuments (windmills).
To the monuments registered in Amsterdam belong
6743 objects (the number of 1969) th a t is to say 17%
of monuments all over the country. Nowadays active
preservation of monuments is realised and coordinated
by the Municipal Bureau for Conservation (Gemeentelijk
Bureau Monumentenzorg). Achievements
of the Bureau, which has been active for twenty years
now, are grand: With the cons tarnt increase of means
1636 objects have been put under protection and the
expenses, have exceeded 220 million guldens by now.
The most urgent task was to protect rows of houses
imperilled by unfavourable local conditions (moisture
and small stability of the soil). In these circumstances
it was impossible to save all the buildings;
some details from the lost objects reinforced lapidarium
exposures under creation. This was followed by
restoration of historical and artistic values to the
transformed buildings. Some attempts of experimental
treatments were also made, as during the process
of adaptations of the old St. Lucia convent to
the Amsterdam City Museum, when the old-town
lane was covered with a glazed roofing to form
a sort of passage assigned for museum exposition.
For many ages water was pumped out of flood-lands
with the help of windmills, which have by now become
insęperable element of the Dutch landscape. P re viously
wind energy was applicable literally in all
branches of industry, which led to extra-ordinary development
and improvement of windmills. Present
system atics establishes the typology of these objects —
it is based on the distinction between functions, constructions
and architectural forms. Intensive preservation
of windmills has resulted from their rapid
destruction since the second half of the 19th century.
At the beginning of the 19th century there were
about 11 thousand windmills, at present the stock-
taking list includes only 958 of them (the number
of 1971).
Apart from the efforts made by many special public
societies, the campaign under the slogan „Vochten
voor windmolen” has been entered upon by the S tate
authorities. It is based on special regulations that
stipulate the possibility to subsidize works at windmills.
In every case, the State provides owners with subsidies
to the amount of 40% of the repa ir expenses, but
this aid is given except to those whose windmills ai e
designed for other purposes. More complex is the
question of polder landscape protection. Here a windmill
is only one of the elements of multi-problem
engineering assumption. The reservation in Kinderdijk
near Rotterdam (19 windmills) and the complex in the
Zaandam district have been already organized. We
hope that the Unique Dutch landscape will be prese rved
not only in the masterpiece pictures of old painting
masters, but also in nature. The author feels
obliged to thank Prof. dr. C. A. van Swigchem, the
director of Rijksdienst voor Monumentenzorg for a very
good arrangement of his visit to the Netherlands
in 1973. He also expresses his hea rt-felt thanks to
Mr. A. P. Srnaal of Afdeling Voorlichting, Rijksdienst
voor de Monumentenzorg in Zeisl and Mr. W. Timp,
the conservator of the Gemeentelijk Bureau voor Monumentenzorg
in Amsterdam.
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