The ventilation of the Baltic Sea deep water is driven by either gale-forced
barotropic or baroclinic salt water inflows. During the past two decades, the
frequency of large barotropic inflows (mainly in winter) has decreased and
the frequency of medium-intensity baroclinic inflows (observed in summer) has
increased. As a result of entrainment of ambient oxygen-rich water, summer inflows
are also important for the deep water ventilation. Recent process studies of salt
water plumes suggest that the entrainment rates are generally smaller than those
predicted by earlier entrainment models. In addition to the entrance area, the
Słupsk Sill and the Słupsk Furrow are important locations for the transformation
of water masses. Passing the Słupsk Furrow, both gravity-driven dense bottom
flows and sub-surface cyclonic eddies, which are eroded laterally by thermohaline
intrusions, ventilate the deep water of the eastern Gotland Basin. A recent study
of the energy transfer from barotropic to baroclinic wave motion using a twodimensional
shallow water model suggests that about 30% of the energy needed
below the halocline for deep water mixing is explained by the breaking of internal
waves. In the deep water decade-long stagnation periods with decreasing oxygen
and increasing hydrogen sulphide concentrations might be caused by anomalously
large freshwater inflows and anomalously high mean zonal wind speeds. In different
studies the typical response time scale of average salinity was estimated to be
between approximately 20 and 30 years. The review summarizes recent research
results and ends with a list of open questions and recommendations.
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