The recovery or reconstruction of aquatic vegetation has recently been reported as
a result of water quality improvement aer anthropogenic eutrophication.
The objectives of this study were: to investigate long-term trends in aquatic
vegetation abundance in relation to decreasing water fertility and to present new
directions in changes of the submerged aquatic vegetation structure, species
richness, and biodiversity in Lake Kuźnickie (western Poland) with the
perspective of the last 40 years (1978–2018). Lake Kuźnickie is an example of
water quality improvement taking place without any additional reclamation
measures, except a reduction in nutrient discharge into the lake from its direct
catchment. Currently, the study lake represents a mesotrophic status. The Trophy
State Index evidenced a decrease in the lake’s fertility compared to previous
decades. The water quality improvement manifests in a significant reduction in
the total phosphorus concentration. An analysis of the spatial changes in the
phytolittoral evidenced a decrease in rush vegetation between 1978 and 2018 by
over 2 ha. In the period 1978–2018, the aquatic vegetation structure in Lake
Kuźnickie underwent significant reconstruction. Currently, charophytes play a
much greater role in the lake compared to the last 40 years, contributing to the
maintenance of the lake’s high water quality. Moreover, the endangered
charophyte Lychnothamnus barbatus has recovered. Concurrently, however, the
biodiversity and species richness of the submerged vegetation has decreased. At
present, only four species dominate in the lake, including two charophytes
L. barbatus, Nitellopsis obtusa, and two vascular plants Ceratophyllum demersum
and Myriophyllum spicatum. Over 40 years, Lake Kuźnickie has changed from a
eutrophic lake dominated by vascular plants to a mesotrophic lake with a
codominant contribution by charophytes. The lake is characterized by good water
quality, optimal for the development of aquatic vegetation, especially charophytes.
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